solve pls 20 SECTION 1 Pathophysiology of B 270 CASE STUDY B Essential Hypertens
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20 SECTION 1 Pathophysiology of B 270 CASE STUDY B Essential Hypertension d 4 the Ms. J, aged 48 years, has essential hypertension, diagnose years ago. She has not been taking her medication during past 6 months because she has been feeling fine. Now she has a new job and has been too busy to enjoy her usual swimming and golf. She has decided to have a checkup because she is reeling tired and dyspneic and has had several bouts of dizzi- ness, blurred vision, and epistaxis (nosebleeds) lately. On examination, her blood pressure is found to be 19 rales are present in the lungs, and the retinas of her eyes shovw some sclerosis and several arteriolar ruptures. The physician orders rest and medication to lower the blood pressure, as wel as an appointment with a nutritionist and urinary tests to check kidney function. 0/120, some 1. Describe the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. 2. Explain the possible problems associated with the high diastolic pressure. 3. Explain the significance of the retinal changes. 4. The doctor suspects mild congestive heart failure. Explain how this can develop from hypertension. 5. Give two other possible signs of CHF 6. List two medications that are helpful in treating hypertension and describe their actions. CHAPTER SUMMARYExplanation / Answer
Answer 1. Hypertension is the chronic disease characterized by high blood pressure, the cardiac output and the peripheral resistance are the 2 main determinants of high blood pressure. Cardiac output can be determined by the stroke volume and the heart beat. Peripheral resistance is determined by the anatomical changes in the arteries and its branches. The causes of hypertension in the given case are acute stress and unmanaged lifestyle. If high blood pressure will remain unmanaged for long, it could lead to the occurrence of stroke. Hypertension could be primary or secondary. Primary hypertension is associated with the over consumption of sodium and under consumption of potassium. However, secondary hypertension is associated with disorder in the arteries of heart or kidney or may be related to kidney disorders.
Answer 2. The problems associated with high diastolic pressure are stroke, organ damage, abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Answer 3. Hypertension causes hypertensive retinopathy to the individual which is characterized by:
Answer 4. Congestive heart failure or CHF affects the pumping power of the heart muscles. Hypertension increases the pressure of blood than the normal. It leads to the deposition of fluid around the heart which disrupts the normal pumping action of the heart. Hypertension also causes left ventricle dystrophy which can also lead to heart failure by thickening of the heart muscles.
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