42. Botulism is caused by a(n): a) Rickettsia b) Anaerobic spore former c) Gram

Question

42. Botulism is caused by a(n): a) Rickettsia b) Anaerobic spore former c) Gram negative diplococcus d) Gram positive coccus e) Aerobic spore former 43. What bacterial structure is found only in gram negative bacteria? a Endospores b) Capsule c) Endotoxin d) Flagella e) Pii What sample would be collected on a person suspected of having meningitis? a) Cerebrospinal fluid b) Transtracheal aspiration c) Mid-stream urine catch d) Throat swab e) Saliva 44. The human or animal host infected by the adult stage of a parasite worm is a(n): a) intermediate host b) Final host c) Accidental host d) Vector e) Insects 45. Antibiotics kill bacteria by: a) Preventing cell wall synthesis b) Preventing protein synthesis c) Preventing DNA replication in bacteria d) All of the above e) None of the above 46.

Explanation / Answer

42. Option b) Anaerobic spore former

Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum which is a Gram positive anaerobic spore forming rod shaped bacterium. Rickettsia causes Typhus fevers, so option a is not correct. Option c is false since, C.botulinum is a gram positive but not gram negative bacterium. Option d states that it is caused by gram positive coccus which is not true as C. botulinum is rod shaped (bacilli) and option e is wrong as it says that Clostridium is aerobic which is not true.

43. Option c. Endotoxin

Endospores, Capsule, flagella, pili etc are seen in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria but lipopolysaccharide, Endotoxin is only found in gram negative bacteria. Hence, option c is the correct answer

44. Option a. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

In meningitis bacteria (N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae), virus (enteroviruses, influenza HSV2) invades the blood stream and enters the subarachnoid space causing inflammationof the meninges. Since, the subarachnoid space is filled with CSF, collection of CSF sample would serve as diagnostic measure for detection of mengititis. Transtracheal aspiration is useful in detection of lower respiratory tract infection, mid stream urine catch used for urinary tract infections, throat swab used for Streptococcus throat infections or other infections in throat, Saliva used for Candida albicans or other buccal infections. Hence, option a is the correct answer.

45. Option b Final host

Final host or Definitive host or Primary host it the host which harbors the parasite in the adult stage or in which the parasite undergoes se_xual reproduction. Example Mosquito is the final host for plasmodium protozoa. Intermediate host is the one in which the parasite undergoes development or as_exual phase of reproduction. Accidental or incidental host is the unusual host of the parasite which is generally not infected under normal conditions. Vectors are the organisms or objects or mediums through which infection(parasite) is transmitted. Insects are also examples of vectors.

46. d. All of the above

Pencillins, cephalosporins act by preventing cell wall synthesis. Antibiotics like Tetracycline, Streptomycin kill bacteria by inhibiting the protein synthesis, Fluoroquinolones act by preventing DNA replication in bacteria. Hence the answer is d. all of the above.

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