21.Explain the process of transcytosis. Fig. 5.22 22.Compare and contrast synapt

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21.Explain the process of transcytosis. Fig. 5.22 22.Compare and contrast synaptic vs. endocrine signaling in terms of specificity of signal. Fig. 6.1 23. What types of signals (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) can only stimulate cell-surface receptors? Is the cellular response to hydrophobic signals faster or slower than hydrophilic ones? 24.Explain the action of a G-protein coupled receptor making sure to clearly state to function of adenylate cyclase, cAMP and protein kinase A. Fig. 6.8 25. What is meant by signal transduction? What is meant by a 2nd messenger? 26. What is meant by amplification? 27. What molecular group do protein kinases help transfer to proteins? What effect does this have on the protein? 28.Explain the difference between an agonist and an antagonist 29. Explain a possible benefit of having different receptors for the same ligand (signaling molecule). Fig. 6.13 30. Explain the difference between tonic and antagonistic control of homeostatic balance. Fig. 6.15 31.Explain the concept of negative feedback. Indicate what is meant by a sensor, an integrating center and an effector. Fig. 6.16. Use blood pressure (Fig. 15.14) as an example 32. What is meant by a set point? Are set points constant? 33.Explain the difference between anabolism and catabolismm 34. Define the following 5 terms and indicate whether each process is catabolic or anabolic: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and lipogenesis 35.Contrast the effects of glucagon and insulin. Which hormone is released during the fasted state? Which hormone will cause glycogen to break down into glucose? 36.Is insulin a lipid or a protein. Would you expect to find their receptors inside the cell or on the cell surface? 37.How does activating insulin receptors, in fat or muscle cells, alter glucose levels in the blood? Make sure you explain how it alters glucose transport. Fig. 22.17 a,b 38. Explain how insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into liver cells. Fig. 22.17d

Explanation / Answer

Answer=

The process of transcytosis- transcytosis is atype of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell.Macromolecules are captured in vesicles on one side of the cell,drawn across the cell,and ejected on the other side.

examples of macromolecules transported include: IgA,transferrin and insulin

this process is most commonly observed in cells of an epithelium.

it also occurs in other types of cells such as neurons,osteoclasts M cells of intestine.

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