Part lll - Apply and Analyze Newly studied parasite-host relationships have demo

Question

Part lll - Apply and Analyze Newly studied parasite-host relationships have demonstrated the influence of and preference for sexual reproduction in antagonistic coevolving species. Evaluate the following study to answer the questions further below COEVOLUTION Ho H1 H3 etc.". EVOLUTION Ho H2 H3 etc... O Control O Evolution Coevolution Frozen stocks Time Figure 3. Parasite-host interaction in nematodes. Credit: From Brockhurst, M.A. 2011. Sex, death and the Red Queen. Science 333(6039): 166-167. Reprinted with permission from AAAS In a study by Brockhurst (2011) researchers designed an experiment to evaluate how a parasite, capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction, may adapt to its host over a period of time. Using a Nematode worm host (H) and its cor- responding parasite (p), they devised two tests. First, they allowed the two species to co-evolve over numerous genera- tions of both host (H°, H, H, H) and parasite (PO, P', P2, P*). Then, using frozen stocks of parasite (PO, PO, Po, Po they infected a new generation of the host (Ho, H', H, H) to examine the one-sided evolutionary progression of the host only. The rate of sexual reproduction of the parasite was graphed for both scenarios and compared to a control. Questions 7. Compare the rate of sexual reproduction for the coevolving scenario as compared to the evolution scenario. What was the preferred adaptive strategy of the parasite species for coevolution? For evolution? Why? 8. What was occurring at the spike and quick decline in the evolution graph? Base your response in the context of the Red Queen Hypothesis (i.e., host adaptation, parasite adaptation, fitness loss, and deteriorating environment) 9. Sexual reproduction is not an adaptive advantage solely for species in antagonistic coevolving interactions. Explain how another symbiotic relationship (i.e., mutualism) supports sex as an adaptive strategy using two distinct species in a mutualistic symbiosis. Make sure to cite your sources.

Explanation / Answer

Ans 7) The rate of sexual reproduction for the co-evolving scenario is increasing at a exponential rate. With co-evolution there is gradual increase in the rate of sexual reproduction. However in case of evolution, the graph raises sharply which means there is instant rise in the evolution process. As the rate of sexual reproduction rise, after a point of time it drops down drastically and slows down to stop. The parasite adaptive strategy for co-evolution was it depended on its host and over the period of time period.

Ans 8) According to the Red Queen Hypothesis, it states the organisms must constantly adapt, evolve and proliferate not only to gain reproductive advantage but survive through the evolution process. At the spike and quick decline in the evolution graph, it suggests that the host needs to adapt to the changing environment and be fit enough to stay with the evolving and changing environment.

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