what are some creative examples of a spontaneous generation, black holes, and gr

Question

what are some creative examples of a spontaneous generation, black holes, and gray holes? I have this information from my book but I'm kind of confused.

• Spontaneous generation. The APPLY INSURANCE PREMIUM process, for instance, produces output, but has no input data flow. Because it has no input, the process is called a spontaneous generation process.

• Black hole. CALCULATE GROSS PAY is called a black hole process, which is a process that has input, but produces no output.

• Gray hole. A gray hole is a process that has at least one input and one output, but the input obviously is insufficient to generate the output shown. For exam- ple, a date of birth input is not sufficient to produce a final grade output in the CALCULATE GRADE process.

Explanation / Answer

Spontaneous generation - The value taken by a stock - i.e. - the stock price at a given time. It has a particular value but without any well defined inputs.

Black holes - It absorbs all input. This would be like an investor putting money in a Ponzi scheme. There will be no returns - no outputs.

Gray holes - Suppose you are trying to predict firm value by using a multiple like price-to-sales. You have an input - sales, but it is obviously not enough to generate the true value of the firm (output).

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