The year is 2442. Protein engineering and molecular biology have became incredib
ID: 273867 • Letter: T
Question
The year is 2442. Protein engineering and molecular biology have became incredibly powerful and all diseases are cured. You are still on vacation with your clone, and are pondering the differences between the cat that you just spontaneously adopted and other organisms.» 4. A. Name two important cells in the cat's adaptive immune system, and describe a difference between the two cells.j B. Many bacteria also live inside the cat. How do the bacteria use CRISPR-Cas9 to protect themselves from invading pathogens? In describing this, name what type of molecule it targets and how this can be used to protect against specific pathogens. Also clarify what the names "CRISPR" and "Cas9" refer to. C. After a long and contentious conversation, you two decide to work towards making a transgenic cat that expresses abnormally huge amounts of motor proteins in every cell. All cells in the cat must be genetically identical for the cat to be fully transgenic, and you want to use CRISPRCas9 to accomplish this. Your clone is really high and thinks that feeding Cas9 (with necessary guide RNA and DNA for insertion) to your cat will make this work. Name one reason why your clone is wrongExplanation / Answer
A. Apart from the innate immunity system that is capable to fight of infection, the second line of defense include cat 's adaptive immune system. The adapative immune system include B cells that release antibodies upon encounering antigens and nullifies or opsonize them to be ineffective. T cells on the other hand will detect these antigens and release cytokines to signal NK cells or macrophages or B cells again to destroy the foreign antigens. Thus B cells act direct;ly whereas helper T cells signals other immune cells to destroy antigens. Cytotoxic T cells on the other hand kill the target cells directly by releasing granzymes etc. The adaptive immune system has the capability to retain the memory of the antigen.
B. CRISPR is an abbreviation of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and Cas9 stands for CRISPR associated protein 9. They are basically defence mechanism present in bacteria comprising of short DNA stretches of viruses that has attacked bacteria. It forms a part of acquired immunity. RNA containing spacer sequence allows Cas9 (contains helicase and nuclease activity) to cut any exogenous DNA. Other cas proteins recognize other phage or foreign DNA and cleaves it with its nuclease activity.
C. Introducing Crispr cas9 to an animal is the tricky part. Likewise, feeding cats with cas9 would not lead to genome editing as it reaches a low pH stomach region and gets destroyed before being functional at its genome level editing. However, one could go for an injecting the embryo (at gastrula stage) to look for functional knockout of those genes that regulate motor activity of cells. If the important regulatory gene for motor protein production rate could be knocked out, the amount of motor protein would be uncontrolled and huge amount of motor proteins will be produced. However, one needs to take many other aspects into consideration while delivering Crispr cas9 for high motor protein production.
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