Question 3 (8 points) To evaluate the association between colon cancer and smoki

Question

Question 3 (8 points) To evaluate the association between colon cancer and smoking in males, you compared 30 hospitalized males with colon cancer with a group of male volunteers without colon cancer. The results showed a strong association between colon cancer and smoking. 1. Identify all types of bias that may be present in this study and indicate why you suspect their presence 2. Given that bias is present in this study, indicate if the association between colon cancer and smoking is underestimated and why

Explanation / Answer

1) Their might be association of person with colon cancers and smoking in person but the study was not done accurately. During study accurate protocols were not followed.

a) In the study 30 person with colon cancers were tested but the study would have been more appropriated an accurate if the study included person with colon cancer having smoking habit.

b) The study should include healthy volunteers with smoking habits who are unaffected with any type of colon cancer to evaluate the results accurately.

c) The person with colon cancers in hospital might be non smokers and still might have affected with colon cancers to do unbiased study person affected with smoking habits and affected colon cancers should be selected for the study.

d) The volunteers should also include healthy smokers and non smoker’s persons to evaluate the data accurately.

2) With given data we can say the study is underestimated by studying only person affected with colon cancer and healthy person but the study should also include the smokers who are healthy free of any type of cancers to prove that the cancer is not caused in t smokers person and the study should also include colon cancers patient without smoking habit which will be able to prove the role if smoking in the cause of cancers or not.

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