36) Parasites aliter their hosts in many ways, in terms of celular and whole org

Question

36) Parasites aliter their hosts in many ways, in terms of celular and whole organism phenotype and behavior. Choose the list below that corectly identifies infection-induced changes, and correctly a) Toxoplasma gondili-infected rodents lose their foar of the smell of felines- adaptive Trichinella spiralis-induced re-ifferention of a muscle cell into a nurse cell- adaptive Fasciola hepatica-induced proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells-adaptive b) Fasciola hepatica -infected rodents lose their fear of the smell of felines-adaptive Trichinella spiralis-induced re-differention of a muscle ce? no a nurse cell-non-onptive Toxoplasma gondil--induced proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells- adaptive c) Trichinella spiralis -infected rodents lose their fear of the smell of fellines- adaptive Toxoplasma gondi-induced re-differention of a muscle cell into a nurse cell- adaptive Fasciola hepatica-induced proliferation of bile duct epithelial cellis-non-adaptive d) Toxoplasma gondli-infected rodents lose their fear of the smell of felines-non-adaptive Trichinella spiralis-induced re-differention of a muscle cell into a nurse cell- adaptive Fasciola hepatica-induced proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells-non-adaptive 37) Parasite induced changes in cell fate/growth can include neoplasia, which is: b) abnormal cell proliferation in response to a stimulus that continues after the stimulus is removed c) differentiation of one cell type into a different cell type d) an increase in cell number 38) The innate immune system: a) includes phagocytic cells b) needs the acquired immune system for all effector functions c) recognizes only intracellular pathogens d) recognizes only extracellular pathogens 39) Parasites may directly cause disease pathology through: a) nutrition robbing b) cell and tissue trauma c) toxins d) all of the above 40) The ability of a metacyclic T. brucei parasite in the blood stream to efficiently move VSG- bound antibodies to the flagellar pocket depends on a) antigenic variation b) endocytosis c) fluid flow forces acting on swimming trypanosomes d) all of the above

Explanation / Answer

36. (a) T. gondii can reproduce only in the gut of cat. As the infected mice are not afraid of the cat, they don't escape in presence of a cat. So, can be easily killed and eaten by the cat. in this way the parasite get into the gut of cat and completes its life cycle.

Trichinella infected muscle cells are differentiated into nurse cells from which the parasite derives is nourishment and protection.

In Fasciola hepatica infection, bile duct proliferates and the parasite feed upon the newly formed cells.

37. b) Neoplasia is another word for cancer which is abnormal cell growth even after removal of the initiating stimulus.

38. a) Innate immune system includes phagocytic cells. they can kill both intracellular as well as extracellular pathogens. complement system phagocytose the pathogen in the extracellular compartment and NK cells and NK cell dependent macrophages kill the pathogens in the intracellular compartment.

39. d)

40. d). The directional movement of the VSG bound antibody occurs by hydrodynamic forces created by forward movement of trypanosomes, endocytosis and antigenic variants.

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