13- Which of the following would be characterized as an autocrine siga? a. Self-

Question

13- Which of the following would be characterized as an autocrine siga? a. Self-responding b. Endocrine c. Distal neighbors d. e Both b and d 14- Which of the following is not an intracellular receptor? a. Insulin receptor (a type of RTK) b. Nitrite oxide receptor c. Retinoic acid receptor d. Glucagon receptor (a type of GPCR) e. a and d. 15- Which of the following is not a nuclear receptor? a. Thyroxine (a thyroid hormone) receptor b. Testosterone receptor c. Retinoic acid receptor d. Nitrite oxide receptor e. All of the above 16- Which of the following is an intracellular receptor? a. Thyroxine (a thyroid hormone) receptor b. Testosterone receptor c. Retinoic acid receptor. d. Nitrite oxide receptor e. All of the above 17- Which of the following component of the G-proteins comples binds GTP a The ? subunit b. The p subunit c. The y subunit d. The aß complex e. The py complex 18- Which of the following is a false statement about GPCR signaling? a. The ligand-bound receptor recruits the trimeric G protein complex b. The activated a-subunit is GTP-bound c. The by pPr complex can open an ion channel. d. In order to be inactivated, the a-subunit must release GTP and bind GDP e. The GTP-bound a-subunit can activate a membrane-bound enzyme. 19- Which of the conditions below is likely to increase the likelihood of skeletal muscle contraction? a. Partial depolarization of the T-tubule membrane. b. Addition of a drug that blocks tropomyosin binding to actin c. An increase in the amount of ATP in the cell. d. A mutation in tropomyosin that decreases its affinity for the actin filament. e. All of the above.

Explanation / Answer

13. Option A is correct.

Autocrine signaling involves response of the cell to a signal produced by itself.

14. Option E is correct.

Insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones. They bind to the membrane receptors.

15. Option D is correct.

All the given hormones/ligands except nitric oxide are hydrophobic in nature. They have nuclear receptors.

Nitric oxide binds to the cytosolic receptor, guanylyl cyclase.

16. Option D is correct.

Nitric oxide binds to the cytosolic receptor, guanylyl cyclase.

The remaining ligands bind to nuclear receptors.

In a way, all are intracellular receptors.

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