could someone help me with these problems I\'m having difficulty please explain
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could someone help me with these problems I'm having difficulty please explain in detail it would be very appreciated.
Part 2. Open book/take home cxam (80 points total) Question 1. What is gene therapy? What are the differences between somatic gene therapy and germline gene therapy? Please use the four princip les of ethic approaches to examine issues associated with gene therapy and then draw your own conckusions. Question 2. Please read the paper (Handout 1, entitled Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part ID' by Lemaux, published in 'Annu. Rev. Plant Biol' (2008) 59:771-812) and answer the following questions using 2-6 sentences. A simple 'yes' or 'no' answer will not suffice. 1. 2.2. Except GMO crops, does genetic engineering play a role in producing food? Please give 2 examples. 2. 2.3. How does the creation of GMO crops differ from that of traditional breeding? 3. 2.6. Which U.S. government agencies regulate GMO crops? What does each agency do? 4. 2.7. What are the major GMO crops grown commercially? Name the top five countries growing them. What are the major GM traits? 5. 2.8. How much percentage of the U.S. processed food contain an ingredient from a GMO crop? How many foods (fruits/vegetab les) are genetically engineered? hod afrty studies conducted on GMO foods? If yes, in what areas? AnyExplanation / Answer
Question 1
GENE THERAPY
Human gene therapy is the replacement of an absent or faulty gene with a functioning gene.As a result,the body is able to produce the correct enzyme or protein,there by eliminating the cause of the disease.
There are essentially two types of gene therapy:somatic cell therapy and germline therapy.Somatic cell therapy involves treating any cells of the individual except the gametes,at the cellular level to correct the absent or malfunctioning gene.This can be accomplished in three ways:ex vivo,in situ or in vivo.Ex vivo involves removing cells from the patient,altering the genetic material,and placing them back into the patient.In situ requires the vector be placed directly into the affected tissues.In vivo gene therapy involves injecting the vector into the bloodstream.The vector then must find the target tissue and deliver the therapeutic genes.
Germline gene therapy treats the gametes or an embryo,which would be used in case of invitro fertilization.
The difference between somatic and germline gene therapy may seem to be subtle,however the alterations obtained through germline therapy are not only found in that generation,but are passed to the individuals progeny.That has serious repercussions when it comes to discussing the ethics of using germline therapy.
Ethical issues surrounding gene therapy
Because gene therapy invloves making changes to the body's set of basic instructions,it raises many unique ethical concerns.
The four principles are:autonomy,confidentiality,privacy,and equity(justice) are foundational for analysis of questions related to gene therapy.
Autonomy
The duty to respect other's autonomy is paramount in virtually all ethical situations.Informed consent,one application of autonomy,includes discussion of purposes,potential benifits,risks and limitations of specific genetic test.Autonomy also mandates that desicions be voluntary and free from coercion.Influencing factors may threaten autonomy is when social values potentially conflict with personal values.
Privacy
Privacy and confidentiality of genetic information present complex and challenging issues that could result in devastating effects for individuals,families,communities and society.The sensitive nature of the information introduces a compellin question:what assurance can be made regarding privacy and confidentiality of the genetic information?who owns the control of the information?who should have access of information?how will the information be interpreted and used?and how can people be protected from harm that might result from improper disclosure or use of the informtion?
Beneficence and nonmalificence
An assessment of risks and benifits is reflected in the principle of beneficence( to do good) and principles of non malifecence (to do not harm).These principles are often discussed when person is considering participation in research or treatments that can have adverse effects.However,these principle also apply for the decision to have the test that will reveal genetic information about oneself or one's offspring.
Justice
Justice is the assurance that all people fair snd equal treatment.In genetic testing,the key elements of justice are equitable access to genetic services to all socioeconomic,ethnic,and geographic groups and allocation of acarce resources.
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