PLEASE ANSWER IT IN PARAGRAPH FORM IF POSSIBLE ! Beginning in the late Miocene a

Question

PLEASE ANSWER IT IN PARAGRAPH FORM IF POSSIBLE !

Beginning in the late Miocene and into the early Pliocene, upright walking tendencies began to develop among the hominin tribe. Upright walking tendencies slowly transformed into obligate bipedalism during the pliocene within the hominin lineage. This shift in locomotor strategy is notably marked by the gradual change in arm to leg ratio that we see when comparing early and later hominins. Early hominins have short legs and very long arms while later hominins have longer legs and short arms.

Your task for this activity will be to compare and contrast the locomotor strategies of the following three hominin species: Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis and Homo erectus. You will accomplish this by answering the following questions.

Before you begin make sure view all relevant reading material so that you can give me informed opinions.

Which hominin had the best arboreal capabilities (look at both upper and lower extremities)? Make sure you explain your answer and give me at least two features that backup your claim. One of the features that you choose has to be from the lower extremities and the other feature has to be from upper extremities.

Which hominins was the first to not just be an upright walker but an obligate biped (this means you have no choice but to walk on two legs)? Make sure you explain your answer using one feature from the lower extremities.

Which hominin had the best anatomy for running on two legs? Explain how you would know and tell me about two specific skeletal features that suggest that your chosen species was running on two legs.

Lastly, I would like you to give a summary of the notable transformations in locomotor strategy that occur over time as seen from the perspective of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis and Homo erectus.  

Explanation / Answer

The Ardipithecus ramidus's femur and pelvis have features shows upright bipedal walking as well as movement in trees both. As a consequence, in Ar. ramidus bipedality was more ancient than in later Australopithecus. Distinguishing with monkeys and apes of Early Miocene like the ilium, Proconsul in Ar. ramidus is relating to expanded, also its sacroiliac joint is situated more posteriorly. These alterations are common in some Middle as well as Late Miocene apes and with African apes also later hominids. Moreover, in opposite to extant apes, in Ar. ramidus, bipedality was promoted by craniocaudal shortening of the ilium also embellish lordotic recurvature of the lower spine. The prevallent loss of derived traits in another skeletal regions of Ar. ramidus, consisting of the forelimb, these adaptations were apparently collected shortly after branching out from our last prevalent ancestor with chimpanzees. They hence contain less or no functional relationship to the knuckle-walking, vertical climbing and facultative bipedality of surviving African apes.

A. afarensis contains anatomic features that shows a critical adaptation for movement in the trees. Another structural characters point to approach of terrestrial bipedality that included little hip and knee extension than takes place in modern humans, also limited weight transfer onto the middle part of the ball of the foot, but these conclusions continue more tentative compare to that maintaining substantive arboreality.

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