16) Gene regulation is critical in the development of multicellular eukaryotic o

Question

16) Gene regulation is critical in the development of multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Are all cells in an organism identical? Explain the similarities and differences of cells in a multicellular organism.

17) Insertion and deletion mutations are said to cause shifts in the reading frame (the sets of three nucleotides) of the mRNA. Substitution mutations do not cause these so called frameshifts. Explain why insertions and deletions are called grameshift mutations, using the terms frame, codons, and amino acids in your answer.

18) Which type of mutation may be harmful to the organism. Explain why silent, nonsense, missesne, frameshift (deletion or addition)

19) Plasmids are found in some bacterial cells. What are they and what is their significance?

20) What could happen, after several cell cycle, to an organism who damages cells did not go through apoptosis? In other words, what if a damaged cell that is supposed to die does not? A mutation in what type of gene might result in the above scenerio.

21) A portion of DNA has the following sequence: 5' CCC-TTT-AAA-TAG-GAT-TCA-CCC 3'

a) What is the sequence of the complementary stranf? (indicate the 5' and 3' ends of the complementary strand)

b) If the complemetary strand is used as the template in transcription what is the sequence of the resulting mRNA?

   c) WHat is the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by this gene? (see the chart at the end of this section for code information)

22) Antibiotic-restitant bacteria are becoming an increasing problem. Some bacteria that were once killed by common antibiotics have acquired the ability to survive in the presence of those anitbiotics. How can bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance? Select all that apply

22. Antion were once killed by common antiBIO presence of those antibiotics. How can bacteria acquire Select all that apply Bacteria can gain an antibiotic-resistance gene by conjugating with another Bacteria can acquire antibiotic-resistance genes by becoming infected with a Bacteria can pick up an antibiotic-resistance gene from the environment through species of bacteria virus that contains an antibiotic-resistance gene transformation Bacteria can acquire random mutations that allow them to grow in the presence of antibiotics. ALAU Guu Gcu oQuA

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16) Gene regulation is critical in the development of multicellular eukaryotic o

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