1) Atopic diseases. In your own words, what is the hygiene hypothesis? What is b
ID: 261876 • Letter: 1
Question
1) Atopic diseases.
In your own words, what is the hygiene hypothesis?
What is believe to be its role in increasing susceptibility to allergic diseases?
2) Bacteria that can enter an endospore state have an added advantage over those that do not. Describe in detail how this is advantageous to bacteria.
3) Penicillin is an extremely effective antibiotic that has been in use since the 40’s.
Describe in your own words the mechanism by which penicillin works on bacteria.
Does it work for all bacteria? Why or why not?
4) It’s a general habit for people to stick their injured finger into their mouth.
Explain why this can be a beneficial habit.
Then describe how this can prevent infections from bacteria (be specific in terms of what structure is affected).
Would this be effective against all bacteria or just specific type(s)?
5) Name 2 specific structures that can cause bacteria to be pathogenic (disease-causing).
6) How would I use the following techniques to identify an infection by a microorganism?
Western blot
Southern blot
PCR
DNA fingerprint [RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)]
Explanation / Answer
1. Asthma and Hay fever are some of the atopic diseases. Atopic disease is an allergic reaction to foreign antigens. This is a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction where excess IgE antibodies are produced which results in allergic reactions.
Hygeine hypothesis states that children who are not exposed to common micrbes in the childhood are more likely to suffer from atopic diseases later in their life. In the childhood, if the child is exposed to various microbes through environment and family; his immune system will become trained to fight with the microbes. It is in the childhood that the immune sytem matures (natural aquired immunity). If the immune system doesnot encounter significant varities of microbes in childhood, later in the adulthood the immature immune system reacts with microbes in an improper way leading to atopic diseases.
2. Endospore is a highly resistant resting form of bacteria. It protects the abcteria from drying, extreme temperatures and lack of nutrition. When unfavourable conditions are present, the bacteria proceeds to endospore form. Later when the conditions are favourable, the bacteria returns to vegetative state where it can resume its metabolic functions. Bacteria which do not produce endospores are susceptible to variations in temperature and die.
3. penicillin blocks the action of enzyme transpeptidase. transpeptidase enzyme action is essential for the linking of petidoglycan layers in the gram positive bacteria. petidoglycan layers are negligible in gram negative bacteria and is not essential for gram negative bacteria. hence penicillin is active only against gram positive bacteria.
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