Brandon, a 25-year-old graduate student, has recently been suffering from abdomi

Question

Brandon, a 25-year-old graduate student, has recently been suffering from abdominal pain, and nausea recently. He brushes it off, thinking it’s from the stress of his research and studying for exams. For a couple of days after his second round of exams the pain starts to subside, so he again believes it was due to the stress.
The pain comes back, along with blood in the stool now. Brandon becomes worried, for fear it may be something severe like colon cancer, so he makes an appointment immediately. After taking the patient’s history along with running several tests, the doctor believes it isn’t severe as colon cancer, but that Brandon is suffering from peptic ulcers. He prescribes Brandon medication, and tells him that he should be seeing the effects of the medication soon.
On average, there are 625,000 cases reported each year.
1) What is the organism that causes peptic ulcers?
The organism that causes pepytic ulcers is Helicobacter pylori

2)What morphology would be seen under the microscope?
H.pylori is a Gram negative curved or spiral rod shaped bacterium. It is motile and possesses 4-6 flagella at the same location.

3)Although rare, this condition may lead to a more severe disorder, what is the disorder? Stomach cancer
4) What types of medication would the doctor prescribe to Brandon?
The first line of treatment for peptic ulcers is the combination of proton pump inhibitors along with antibiotics like clarithromycin and amoxycillin. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazol may be used.

5) What is the mode of transmission for this bacterium?
H.pylori can be transmitted from person to person by saliva. This bacteria can also be transmitted by fecal contamination of food or water.
6) What are the virulence factors for this bacterium?
7)What specific structures of the digestive system are infected?
8)Why was Brandon seeing blood in his stool?
9) What specific test is used to identify this bacterium?
10)What is the prevalence of this disease each year? (Assume a population of 32,000,000 and express as a percentage Brandon, a 25-year-old graduate student, has recently been suffering from abdominal pain, and nausea recently. He brushes it off, thinking it’s from the stress of his research and studying for exams. For a couple of days after his second round of exams the pain starts to subside, so he again believes it was due to the stress.
The pain comes back, along with blood in the stool now. Brandon becomes worried, for fear it may be something severe like colon cancer, so he makes an appointment immediately. After taking the patient’s history along with running several tests, the doctor believes it isn’t severe as colon cancer, but that Brandon is suffering from peptic ulcers. He prescribes Brandon medication, and tells him that he should be seeing the effects of the medication soon.
On average, there are 625,000 cases reported each year.
1) What is the organism that causes peptic ulcers?
The organism that causes pepytic ulcers is Helicobacter pylori

2)What morphology would be seen under the microscope?
H.pylori is a Gram negative curved or spiral rod shaped bacterium. It is motile and possesses 4-6 flagella at the same location.

3)Although rare, this condition may lead to a more severe disorder, what is the disorder? Stomach cancer
4) What types of medication would the doctor prescribe to Brandon?
The first line of treatment for peptic ulcers is the combination of proton pump inhibitors along with antibiotics like clarithromycin and amoxycillin. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazol may be used.

5) What is the mode of transmission for this bacterium?
H.pylori can be transmitted from person to person by saliva. This bacteria can also be transmitted by fecal contamination of food or water.
6) What are the virulence factors for this bacterium?
7)What specific structures of the digestive system are infected?
8)Why was Brandon seeing blood in his stool?
9) What specific test is used to identify this bacterium?
10)What is the prevalence of this disease each year? (Assume a population of 32,000,000 and express as a percentage Brandon, a 25-year-old graduate student, has recently been suffering from abdominal pain, and nausea recently. He brushes it off, thinking it’s from the stress of his research and studying for exams. For a couple of days after his second round of exams the pain starts to subside, so he again believes it was due to the stress.
The pain comes back, along with blood in the stool now. Brandon becomes worried, for fear it may be something severe like colon cancer, so he makes an appointment immediately. After taking the patient’s history along with running several tests, the doctor believes it isn’t severe as colon cancer, but that Brandon is suffering from peptic ulcers. He prescribes Brandon medication, and tells him that he should be seeing the effects of the medication soon.
On average, there are 625,000 cases reported each year.
1) What is the organism that causes peptic ulcers?
The organism that causes pepytic ulcers is Helicobacter pylori

2)What morphology would be seen under the microscope?
H.pylori is a Gram negative curved or spiral rod shaped bacterium. It is motile and possesses 4-6 flagella at the same location.

3)Although rare, this condition may lead to a more severe disorder, what is the disorder? Stomach cancer
4) What types of medication would the doctor prescribe to Brandon?
The first line of treatment for peptic ulcers is the combination of proton pump inhibitors along with antibiotics like clarithromycin and amoxycillin. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazol may be used.

5) What is the mode of transmission for this bacterium?
H.pylori can be transmitted from person to person by saliva. This bacteria can also be transmitted by fecal contamination of food or water.
6) What are the virulence factors for this bacterium?
7)What specific structures of the digestive system are infected?
8)Why was Brandon seeing blood in his stool?
9) What specific test is used to identify this bacterium?
10)What is the prevalence of this disease each year? (Assume a population of 32,000,000 and express as a percentage

Explanation / Answer

6.major virulence factors of H. pylori is the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), which causes cytoplasmic vacuolization in gastric epithelial cells

. Another well-characterized virulence factor is the cytotoxin-associated antigen (CagA), which is encoded by one of the genes located in the cag pathogenicity island (PAI)

Strains expressing vacAs1 and/or cagA are present at a higher frequency in patients with duodenal ulcers, atrophic gastritis, and gastric carcinoma & are referred to as type I strains.

In contrast, type II strains, which lack the cagA gene, present a nontoxic form of VacA and are considered less virulent .

The blood group antigen binding adhesin (BabA), encoded by the babA2gene, has previously been shown to mediate adherence of H. pylori to the Lewis b blood group antigen on human gastric epithelial cells .

7. frst part of duodenum.

lesser curvature of stomach

mackels diverticulum

gastro jejunostomy wound

gastrinoma in Z-E syndrome

8. ulcer in intestinal micosa causes bleeding which became altered by HCl and comes out through stool as malena.

9.H.pylori fecal antigen test. This novel rapid test is based on monoclonal antibody immunochromatography of stool samples. The test has been reported to be very specific (98%) and sensitive (94%).The results are positive in the initial stages of infection and can be used to detect eradication after treatment.

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