PRE-LAB EXERCISES Complete the following exercises prior to coming to lab, using

Question

PRE-LAB EXERCISES Complete the following exercises prior to coming to lab, using your texbook and lab manual for referen Pre-Lab Exercise 20-1 eKey Terms You should be familiar with the following terms before coming to lab Term Lymphatic Structures Lymphatic capillary Definition Lymph Lymph-collecting vessel Lymph trunk Lymph duct of the lymphuha shres pndues Sp gspongy argan lecakel in uppr eft side ef the abdorn Thymus Heir glend ol the lypaphate Rysten. As kceted breasthor just above the hiurt 20 oha dmossts lonsil phery Torsis halp pokt your Ihodi g hungt hom in Mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue Lymph node Components of the Immune System Nonspecific response 488 I Exploring Anatomy & Physiology in the Laboratory

Explanation / Answer

Lymphatic capillary-- The lymph capillaries are tiny , thin walled vessels located in the spaces between the cells. When the blood plasma and WBCs ooze out of the arterioles into the inter cellular spaces, the lymph capillaries help to collect and drain out this extra cellular fluid.

   Lymph-- Lymph is a fluid which circulates in the lymph vessels. It is composed of plasma and white blood cells. It circulates throughout the lymphatic system and is formed when the interstitial fluid is collected by the lymph capillaries.

   Lymph collecting vessel-- These are structured like blood vessels and are thin walled. They carry lymph and drain into the right and left subclavian veins respectively. They form the lymphatic system .

   Lymph trunk-- It is formed by the joining of several efferent blood vessels and helps to carry lymph . It drains into one of the two lymph ducts [ either the right lymph duct or the thoracic duct.

   Lymph duct -- The lymph ducts are bigger lymphatic vessels which empty the lymph into one of the sub clavian veins. There are two lymph ducts in the body -- the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct which bring lymph from the right and left side of the body , respectively.

   Mucosal Associated lymphatic tissue-- MALT [ as it is commonly called] is formed of masses of lymphoid tissue lining the mucosa of the respiratory, digestive and urinogenital tracts. Almost 50% of lymphoid tissue in our body is formed by MALT.

Lymph node -- These are small , solid structures present at different points along the lymphatic system. They trap the microorganisms and other antigens that enters the lymph and tissue fluid. Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes activate the lymphocytes and produce an immune response.

   Non specific response -- It is the Innate immune system or the inborn immunity. It is present from birth and is inherited from parents. It is non specific and is accomplished by providing different types of barriers , like -- a] physical barriers eg. skin , mucus membranes etc

b] physiological barriers eg sweat, tears, acid produced by stomach walls etc.

c] cellular barriers eg white blood cells , macrophages , lymphocytes etc.

d] cytokine barriers eg interferons produced by virus infected cells to porevent the virus from infecting healthy cells .

Inflammation -- This is a localised physical condition in which a part of the body becomes swollen, reddened and painful . It might be irritating and hot , causing discomfort to the person.  It is triggered when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury.

Specific response -- It is an immune response caused by the second exposure to the same pathogen. It is created when the body is exposed to a weakened or small dose of a particuklar pathogen. This generates the production of memory B and T cells that recognise the pathogen on subsequent exposure and produce an intense immune reponse by the body.

Antigen -- It is a toxin, a protein or any pathogen that induces a immune response in the body. It is a foreign protein which the body does not recognise and starts producing antibodies to counter it.

   Humoral Immunity -- This is an antibody mediated immunity and is induced by macromolecules found in extra cellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins and certain antimicrobial peptides .It is an antibody mediated response and involves B-cells that recognise antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood.

Antibody -- These are protein molecules called immunoglobulins [Ig] . They are of 5 types -- IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG and IgD. It has a Y shaped structure and consists of 4 polypeptide chains, two are long called heavy [H] chains while the other to are short and are called light [ L ] chains. Therefore an antibody is represented as H2L2. It forms an antigen antibody complex and has an important role in the bodies immune response.

Cell mediated Immunity -- It is an immune response that does not require production of antibodies. It involves the activation of phagocytes [ which can engulf the pathogens] , antigen specific cytotoxic T -lymphocytes and the release of various kinds of cytokines in reponse to an antigen  

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