Vectors insert DNA into a new cell so that the cell acquires a new phenotype. Ve
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Vectors insert DNA into a new cell so that the cell acquires a new phenotype. Vectors are pieces of DNA that are small enough to manipulate in a lab, survive inside the new cell, contain a recognizalbe genetic marker and carry the gene regions necessary to ensure the gene is transcribed and translated. Examples of vectors are plasmids, viruses and transposons.
7. Explain one risk of a viral vector that inserts itself into a necessary gene and causes a mutation.
Gene library is a collection of cells or viruses, in which each member carries a portion of a given organism's genome. Gene libraries provide a ready
Techniques of recombinant DNA technology include the polymerase chaing reaction (PCR) developed by Cary Mullis. PCR has three steps that are repeated while the same sample of primers, target gene, taq polymerase and nucleotides are cycled through three different temperatures in a microfuge tube. Gel electrophoresis separated fragments of molecules by size, shape and charge. DNA microarrays are able to monitor thousands of genes on one plate. Applications of these techniques include diagnostics or vaccine design.
8. Explain how a subunit vaccine is designed using genes from a pathogen and a viral vector? p502-504.
One proposed way to stop the spread of arboviruses by mosquitoes is to vaccinate the mosquito. This type of vaccine is a transmission blocking vaccine (TBV). One typeof TBV vaccinates the human so that a blood meal from a vaccinated human would prevent the mosquito from being infected. Another strategy is to use the gene drive known as Crispr-Cas9 which would edit the mosquito genome to confer resistance to diseases mosquitoes transmit to humans, and is very targeted. This requires wild type mosquitoes to mate with lab mosquitoes that have been genetically modified. Some data would indicate the lab mosquitoes are not competitve with wild type males.
9. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of the TBV approach for controlling the spread of arboviruses.
10. Does the public have any control over the use of gene drives to alter species in the ecosystem for public health concerns?
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Explanation / Answer
7. Explain one risk of a viral vector that inserts itself into a necessary gene and causes a mutation.
Ans: A viral vector is a transfer vehicle of DNA that carries a specific gene of interest and its capacity to integrate into the host genome renders the advantage. When a virus gets integrated into the gene sequence it might be of importance to the host organisms and a disruption due to the integration would lead to loss of function of that gene. The viral vectors insertions are permanent and hence the changes brought about the viral vector cannot be undone once accomplished. This sometimes is a huge disadvantage as any insertion in the essential genes leads to mutations/changes is often lethal to the organism.
8. Explain how a subunit vaccine is designed using genes from a pathogen and a viral vector?
Ans: Subunit vaccine as the name indicates only a small unit/part of the pathogen is considered for preparing the vaccine. Every pathogen generates an immune response in the host due to few specific molecules either on the surface or when broken down into the host cells. These molecules are termed as antigens. During the preparation of the vaccine only the molecule, for example, a polypeptide, lipid or a polysaccharide is separated and is introduced into the host unlike in infection, where many organisms attack the host. These molecules are attached /attenuated to the bacteria through genetic modification and a live-delivery system is used.
9. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of the TBV approach for controlling the spread of arboviruses.
Ans: Transmission-blocking vaccine is a way of protecting other uninfected people in the community by blocking the transfer of the parasite from the infected host to the mosquito during the bites. The antigens prepared such as Pfs25 in transmission blocking vaccines offer complete resistance to the transfer but they are a disadvantage as they do not offer long-term immunity and require booster doses.Sometimes the molecules are large and hence making the vaccines and their delivery into the host is a difficult job.
10. Does the public have any control over the use of gene drives to alter species in the ecosystem for public health concerns?
Ans: A gene drive approach involves genetic modification in the mosquitoes which is lethal to the offspring that are born out of mating between these mosquitoes and the wildtype ones. Thus reducing the mosquito populations. The . If the public has altered views in regard to the use of gene drives they can protest for the environmental protection.
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