PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWER WHICH COVERS BOTH PARTS COMPLETELY A) You are consulting

Question

PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWER WHICH COVERS BOTH PARTS COMPLETELY

A) You are consulting with a patient that most likely has a cold which is caused by a virus. The patient is demanding an antibiotic.- What would you say to this patient?

Why would prescribing an antibiotic here be ineffective?

Why can taking unnecessary antibiotics increase a patient’s risk for infection with an antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

B) for the person who took Kirby area test and the result of measurement, what is the conclusion of the test ?

S10=13mm, VA30=16mm, NB30=22mm, and P10=32mm

Explanation / Answer

A) A person suffering from cold caused by a virus should not be prescribed antibiotics. Antibiotics are compounds synthesized by bacteria that inhibit or kill other bacteria. They kill bacteria by destroying bacterial cell wall or affect protein synthesis. Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. They will not be able to cure viral infections. Viruses have capsids instead of cell wall. Further, they use the host cell machinery to synthesize viral proteins. Hence, antibiotics will not work to combat viral infections.

Unnecessary antibiotics that do not kill viruses, will however kill the other bacteria in the body. These bacteria will be beneficial one or those that are not causing the disease. Over time, these bacteria gain resistance to the antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is caused by mutations in the bacteria, so that the bacteria can now tolerate the antibiotic. They can also transfer the resistance to other bacteria. Antibiotic resistance will allow the bacteria to turn into a pathogen. It is difficult to treat antibiotic resistant bacteria.

B) The Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method (Kirby area method), is the most widely used antibiotic susceptibility test. It relies on the inhibition of bacterial growth measured under standard conditions. Normally, a culture medium agar is inoculated with the test organism. Filter paper discs impregnated with particular antibiotic are placed on the medium. The organism grows on the agar plate while the antibiotic will inhibit the growth. If the organism is sensitive to the antibiotic, no growth will be observed around the disc containing the antibiotic. A “zone of inhibition” is observed. The size of inhibition will determine the susceptibility to the antibiotic.

In the results shown, P10 has the largest zone of inhibition of 32 mm while S10 compound has the minimum zone of inhibition. Hence, P10 compound is best to target the bacteria as it inhibits/kills the bacteria. S10 compound is least effective as it shows a small zone of inhibition. The sensitivity of the bacteria for the compounds in order of highest to least effect is S10>NB30>VA30>S10.

The patient is best treated with P10 antibiotic.

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