1) Three organelles must work in tandem to create and package protein which is a

Question

1) Three organelles must work in tandem to create and package protein which is a macromolecule vital to all living organisms. Describe how these organelles function together to create protein. 4) explain how the process of bacterial conjugation is correlated to the evolution of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 1) Three organelles must work in tandem to create and package protein which is a macromolecule vital to all living organisms. Describe how these organelles function together to create protein. 4) explain how the process of bacterial conjugation is correlated to the evolution of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 4) explain how the process of bacterial conjugation is correlated to the evolution of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

Explanation / Answer

1. Three organelles which work to create a complete functional protein are,

a. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

b. Golgi apparatus

c. Ribosomes.

Ribosomes are ribonucleoproteins consists of RNA and proteins.

There are to types of ribosomes;

1. Membrane bound: These are bound to ER.

2. Free living: These are present in cytosol.

Ribosomes consist of two parts:

1. Larger subunit: Eukaryotes (60S) and in case of prokaryotes (50S)

2. Smaller subunit: Eukaryotes (40S) and in case of prokaryotes (30S)

Ribosomes are translatory machinary help in translating mRNA into nascent protein. Ribosomes bind to mRNA, help in guiding RNA polymerase enzyme to bind at correct site on mRNA. It also has site for tRNA conjugated with amino acid to bind at mRNA. Protein produced by ribosomes and RNA polymerase enzyme is a primary structure. This primary protein structure is taken up by Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for further processing. However, nascent protein produced by cytosolic ribosomes have signal peptide in them which guide them for translocating into specific organelle for further processing such as ER, nucleus, mitochondria, plastids.

ER are of two types:

1. Rough ER (RER): Has membrane bound ribosomes on it.

2. Smooth ER (SER): It doesn't has membrane bound ribosomes.

RER performs functions in modification of nascent protein and these modifications are,

a. N-linked glycosylation, b. Formation of disulfide bonds, c. proper folding, d. Proteolytic cleavage and assembly into multimeric proteins.

SER functions are not related to protein folding.

Golgi apparatus receives partially modified proteins from RER through its cis-Golgi network.N-linked carbohydrates of protein are further processed and modified in Golgi and some proteins also undergo O-linked glycosylation.

Main important function of Golgi in case of protein is sorting of these proteins to its specific target sites where its function has to be performed.

4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes Tuberculosis in humans and two antibiotics are usually given against this bacteria and are Isoniazid and Rifampicin. Multi-drug reisitant tuberculosis is the condition where bacteria developes resistant against these antibiotics. There are several ways through which bacteria developes resistance to antibiotic. One way is bacterial conjugation.

Bacteria contains mobile elements which are extrachromosomal DNA that can be transferred from bacteria to bacteria through horizontal transfer such as conjugation. The genes encoded by these plasmids confer resistance to wide variety of drugs.

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