From Chapter 10 and 13. Chapters 10 and 13: Classification: Choose one out of tw

ID: 256943 • Letter: F

Question

From Chapter 10 and 13. Chapters 10 and 13: Classification: Choose one out of two questions for 8points Choice A: Compare Bacteria, Archae and Eukaryotic organisms in terms of cell type, cell wall, membrane lipids structure, and sensitivity to antibiotics (2 points for each comparison for all three). (8points total OR Choice B: Compare a virus to a typical bacterium and describe the similarities and the differences in terms of structures, how they function, divide, metabolize and how we control an infection. (2pts for each difference/comparison) (8 points) Question chosen 8 pts BONUS. Which is the largest DOMAIN on the planet and why? (2 points) Paragraph CHOICE A: BACTERIA, ARCHEA AND EUKARYOTIC; BACTERIA CELL WALL ARE COMPOSED OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN, ARCHEA CELL WALL DO NOT CONTAIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN AND EUKARYOTIC NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN ARCHEA AND BACTERIA CELL WALL ARE MADE UP OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL ENV?RONMENTS. uPIDs iN CELL MEMBRANE Euamonc HAVE Mro00Nba RIBOSOMES NUCLUS, BONUS THE LARGEST DOMAIN IS BACTERIA BECAUSE BACTER?A IS THE HELPER IN OUR BODIES

Explanation / Answer

COMPARISON

BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

Eukaryotic organisms

CELL TYPE

1.They are prokaryotic because they lack a nucleus and other organelles .

2.They are coccus, bacillus, Curved rods, pleomorphic shaped

1.Archaea have generally the same shape, size and appearance as bacteria.

2. They are prokaryotic because they lack a nucleus and other organelles

1.the presence of membrane-bound

organelles in which specific

metabolic activities take place.

2. It has true nucleus

with double membrane

CELL WALL

1.It contains peptidoglycan.

2. Bacteria belonging to the phylum Chlamydiaeappear to lack peptidoglycan

1.archaea cell walls

do not contain peptidoglycan.

2.Archaea have various

types of cell wall including pseudopeptidoglycan

1.plant cell walls are primarily

made up of cellulose,

fungi cell walls are made

up of chitin and bacteria

cell walls are made

up of peptidoglycan.

2.Eukaryotic organisms,

such as algae, fungi, and

higher plants, have multilayered cell

walls composed in large

part of either cellulose or chitin

MEMBRANE LIPID STRUCTURE

1.Bacterial membranes present a large diversity of amphiphilic lipids, including the common

Phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol and a variety of other membrane lipids.

2.Escherichia coli accumulates three major membrane

Phospholipids.

1.Archaea have different membrane

lipid bonding compared to Bacteria

and Eucarya.

2.Archaeal lipids lack the fatty acids

1.A membrane lipid is a

compound which belongs to a

group of which form the

double-layered surface of all cells.

2.The three major classes of

membrane lipids are

phospholipids, glycolipids, and

cholesterol.

SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS

1.many bacteria are known to be resistant to several classes of antibiotics.

2.Some antibiotics actually kill the bacteria (bactericidal), whereas others merely prevent the bacteria from multiplying (bacteriostatic)

1.as with the rise of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, resistance has emerged or is emerging against therapies targeting these eukaryotic microorganisms.

2.A further similarity between bacterial and eukaryotic microbial pathogens is the phenomenon of persister populations

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION:

A nosocomial infection is specifically one that was not present or incubating prior to the patient's being admitted to the hospital, but occurring within 72 hours after admittance to the hospital.

A bacterium named Clostridium difficile is now recognized as the chief cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the US and Europe

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics and may be acquired during hospitalization

Prevention of nosocomial infections includes proper personal hygiene and hand washing on the part of the hospital staff, complete sterilization of medical equipment, and providing a clean, sanitary environment in the health care facilities.

MICOBIOTA:

Bacteria live on the skin, inside the nose, in the throat, in the mouth, in the vagina, and in the gut. The majority of the bacteria found in the body live in the human gut.

These microorganisms colonize the body, which means that they usually do not cause any harm. When a microorganism causes sickness, that is called an infection.

However, the majority of the microbes are harmless and actually help to maintain our health. The microbes of the skin, mouth, and nose fight against bad bacteria that want to enter the body to cause disease.

An example of one of the micobiota is the E. coli bacteria, it lives in the stomach and helps in the digestion process.

MODES OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS:

1. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. While the cells of humans and animals do not have cell walls, this structure is critical for the life and survival of bacterial species. A drug that targets cell walls can therefore selectively kill or inhibit bacterial organisms. Examples: penicllins, cephalosporins, bacitracin and vancomycin.

2. Inhibitors of cell membrane function. Cell membranes are important barriers that segregate and regulate the intra- and extracellular flow of substances. A disruption or damage to this structure could result in leakage of important solutes essential for the cell’s survival. Because this structure is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, the action of this class of antibiotic are often poorly selective and can often be toxic for systemic use in the mammalian host. Most clinical usage is therefore limited to topical applications. Examples: polymixin B and colistin.

3. Inhibitors of protein synthesis. Enzymes and cellular structures are primarily made of proteins. Protein synthesis is an essential process necessary for the multiplication and survival of all bacterial cells. Several types of antibacterial agents target bacterial protein synthesis by binding to either the 30S or 50S subunits of the intracellular ribosomes. This activity then results in the disruption of the normal cellular metabolism of the bacteria, and consequently leads to the death of the organism or the inhibition of its growth and multiplication. Examples: Aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines.

4. Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis. DNA and RNA are keys to the replication of all living forms, including bacteria. Some antibiotics work by binding to components involved in the process of DNA or RNA synthesis, which causes interference of the normal cellular processes which will ultimately compromise bacterial multiplication and survival. Examples: quinolones, metronidazole, and rifampin.

5. Inhibitors of other metabolic processes. Other antibiotics act on selected cellular processes essential for the survival of the bacterial pathogens. For example, both sulfonamides and trimethoprim disrupt the folic acid pathway, which is a necessary step for bacteria to produce precursors important for DNA synthesis.

PORTAL OF ENTRY OF MICROBES:

A portal of entry is the site through which micro-organisms enter the susceptible host and cause disease/infection. Infectious agents enter the body through various portals, including the mucous membranes, the skin, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts. Pathogens often enter the body of the host through the same route they exited the reservoir; for example,

Sneeze - airborne pathogens from one persons sneeze can enter through the nose of another person.

Broken skin - If you get a cut from a Rusty Nail - can lead to lets say Tetanus infection

Insect bite - Mosquito Bite - Malaria

HIV from Unprotected Sex lets say

Lots of things, Hepatitis, HIV, Plenty of UTIs, STIs

Urethra - UTI