Vaccination 1.Definition of vaccine/vaccination a. Describe experiment that lead
ID: 254070 • Letter: V
Question
Vaccination
1.Definition of vaccine/vaccination
a. Describe experiment that lead to discovery of vaccination
2. Describe how a vaccine is made or prepared(i.e. mechanisms for how do they work; in terms of immunity)
3. Explain how vaccines are administered(dosages, administration procedures)
4.Classification of vaccines (Live, attenuated(Bacteria & Viral), inactivated)-distinguish between
a. Describe the course of treatment given if a person is not up to date on vaccination against tetanus
b. Briefly elaborate on the significance of the vaccinia virus in terms of vaccine development/research
5.At least two childhood diseases for which vaccines are available and the name of the vaccines for the diseases.
6. Comparison of HINI flu virus vs influenza “flu” virus
a. Name of the virus(itself that causes the disease) . What type of viruses are they?
b. With HINI: what is the origin. Method of infection, and symptoms of the disorder
c. Why is the flu more prevalent in the winter time?
d. Provide rationales for the seemingly severe flu season/mortality rates we had this past season.
e. vaccines/latest technology for flu
7. Explain how the flu vaccine works: begin with injection and go up to the adaptive immune
response. DO NOT address the development or selection of lymphocytes . Also do not
include details of signal transduction either. Do not address Re-exposure.
--- For this part use outline format and you may include pictures to show the steps in this process
8. To Vaccinate or Not: Problems surrounding vaccines in general. Include your opinion, based on the
evidence presented(i.e. you can use a specific example(s) where there is controversy about a particular
vaccine). b. Is natural immunity better than vaccination? Why or why not?
Explanation / Answer
1). A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides immunity to kill the microorganisms and enhance the immunity to particular disease. the immune system can naturally stimulate by immunoglobins which are an antibody to antigens called native immunity and living attenuated organisms or living fully virulent organisms that are administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease is called adaptive immunity which can contain agents to weakened or killed the specific microbes which cause the disease called vaccination.
1) a). Edward Jenner has acknowledged around the world for his innovative contribution to the protection and also the final destruction of Smallpox. Jenner tested the hypothesis that infection with pox might shield someone from smallpox disease. cowpox is associate uncommon sickness in cattle, typically gentle, which will unfold from a cow to a personality's via sores on the cow's udder. Smallpox, in distinction, was a deadly illness of humans. It killed regarding half-hour of these it infected. In 1796, he applied his currently renowned experiment on eight-year-old James Phipps. Jenner inserted pus taken from a pox pimple associated inserted it into an incision on the boy's arm. He was testing his theory, drawn from the traditional knowledge of the country, that milkmaids World Health Organization suffered the gentle illness of pox ne'er narrowed smallpox, one among the best killers of the amount, significantly among youngsters. Jenner later has proven that having been inoculated with pox Phipps was proof against variola major. He submitted a paper to the Royal society in 1797 describing his experiment, however, was told that his concepts were too revolutionary which he required a lot of proof. Undaunted, Jenner experimented on many different youngsters, as well as his own 11-month-old son. In 1798, the results were finally revealed and Jenner coined the word immunizing agent from the Latin 'Vacca' for the cow.
2). The vaccine made by weaken virus or kill, specific protein to provide immunity for a specific disease which taken from specific microbes. Vaccines are made using the same components that are found in the natural virus or bacteria. these can grow in the laboratory and it may kill or weakened by heat or chemical. the specific protein/enzyme/immune response part can be isolated and purified. this will give immunity to specific disease.
3). Vaccines are administered by oral, injection (intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous), puncture, transdermal or intranasal. Several recent clinical trials have aimed to deliver the vaccines via mucosal surfaces to be up-taken by the common mucosal immune system, thus avoiding the need for injections.
4). Vaccines are made from the disease-causing agents like virus or bacteria, but in a form that will not harm to animals. Instead, the weakened, killed, or partial virus or bacteria enhance the immune system to develop antibodies, or defenders, against the disease.
Weaken the virus (Live-attenuated vaccines): weakened microbes by reducing the pathogenicity or virulence by heat to provide the immunity. The limitation of this approach is that these vaccines usually cannot be given to people with weakened immune systems (like people with cancer or AIDS).
Inactivate the virus: viruses are completely inactivated (or killed) with a chemical.
Use part of the virus: Using this strategy, just one part of the virus is removed and used as a vaccine. The hepatitis B and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are made this way. The vaccine is composed of a protein that resides on the surface of the virus.
Use part of the bacteria: Some bacteria cause disease by making a harmful protein called a toxin. Several vaccines are made by taking toxins and inactivating them with a chemical (the toxin, once inactivated, is called a toxoid). By inactivating the toxin, it no longer causes disease. Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines are made this way.
4). a). A person is not up to date on vaccination against tetanus immunization a booster should be given within 48 hours of an injury. In those with high-risk injuries who are not fully immunized tetanus antitoxin may also be recommended. Making sure women who are pregnant are up to date on their tetanus immunization and, if not, immunizing them can prevent neonatal tetanus.
4). b). Vaccinia virus is genetically engineered to provide immunity to foreign particle/genes having strong strength on the production of recombinant proteins. These are most advantageous for heterogeneous antigen and it allowed extraordinary safety profile. It can provide protection against various infectious agents including immunodeficiency viruses, influenza, par influenza, measles virus, flaviviruses, or Plasmodium parasites.
5). Measles: Measles used to be the most common childhood illness before the vaccine was introduced. It is highly infectious and spreads when a person with measles sneezes or coughs. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
Polio: The polio virus attacks the brain and the spinal cord and can cause paralysis. It is spread by contact with the feces, mucus or saliva of an infected person. There are two types of vaccine that protect against polio: inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
PERTUSSIS (Whooping cough): Pertussis, more commonly known as a whooping cough, is an extremely contagious disease that also may affect the brain and is very serious for children younger than 6 years of age. It can cause spells of violent coughing and choking, making it hard to breathe, drink or eat. A cough can last for weeks. Pertussis is most serious for babies, who can get pneumonia, have seizures, become brain damaged, or even die. The DTaP vaccine protects young children from diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. The Tdap vaccine protects preteens, teens, and adults from tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough.
6). H1N1 flu also called as swine flu is caused by a virus. Basically, this infection gets from pigs and is transmitted to humans because it is contagious. it caused by a subtype of influenza virus called H1N1 virus. the symptoms are like Cough, Fever, Sore throat, Stuffy or a runny nose, Body aches, Headache, Chills, Fatigue The injectable H1N1 influenza virus vaccine is a "killed virus" vaccine. H1N1 influenza virus vaccine is also available in a nasal spray form, which is a "live virus" vaccine. research is going on flu vaccines that can treat at time of multiple diseases by on vaccination but some kine vaccines losing their nature and attacking back immune system. the big task for the researcher to attain safety and cleanliness.
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes. It is originated from wild aquatic birds and also contagious to spread one species to other species. Influenza a virus can be subdivided into different serotypes based on the antibody response to these viruses. Three types of influenza viruses affect people, called Type A, Type B, and Type C.
Winter season is good for a virus to multiply and evaluation. The weakened vaccine gets back their nature to get pathogenicity and moderately this season is severe for vaccination.
7). Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the weakened antigens and the immune system will release the memory cell for this specific antigen for future, so it can be identified in entry stage and the memory cell of immune system release that specific antibodies to protect our body against flu.
8). If you care about your children’s, you must be vaccinating your children to save their health and long life. By vaccination, you can prevent their children and you give a healthy life for long. If you choose not to vaccinate your child you should understand the risks. You need to know how to make it less likely that your child gets an infection or spreads a disease to others. natural immunity comes from parents if in parent women can be vaccinated this vaccine can transfer to neonatal to get baby vaccination otherwise it require adaptive or specific immunity require, it may be got by vaccination. the main controversy is that the vaccines are losing their nature to causing disease it may resolve in future.
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