1 Discuss what is angiogenesis and why you can target this process to stop cance
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1 Discuss what is angiogenesis and why you can target this process to stop cancer growth. Summarize the targets and the effects of the various therapeutic agents against cancer that are currently approved or undergoing late clinical trials 2. Discuss how you can use the common bacterial vaccine BCG can be used this to fight certain type of cancer. Discuss way:s that you can improve the effectiveness of this treatment 3. Discuss the various strategies for developing cancer vaccines Name some examples of cancer vaccines and how they can help the patients fight cancer. 4. Discuss what telomeres are and why are they important for cells. Explain how telomeres are repaired and how loss of telomeres are associated with aging. Give examples of diseases that are loss of telomeres s Discuss the relationship between cancer and telomerase activities. Summarize the experimental evidence that suggests telomerase activities are important for cancer cells. Discuss the role of p53 and telomerase activities are relatedExplanation / Answer
1.Angiogenesis is the process of formation of new blood vessels from pre existing vessels.Its a vital process in tissue and organ formation, wound healing and it akso happens to be a fundamental or chief step in transforming a benign tumor to a malignant one. To prevent the formation of blood vessels many anti-angiogenic drugs can be employed namely Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 (FGF-1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) etc are under clinical trials. Considering the mechanism od action we can state that these angiogenic inhibitors block the pathway for angiogenesis thus atopping growth and hence they can be an effectuve measure for treatment of cancer however the drugs need to b more target specific.
2. BCG vaccine is primarily used for the treatment of Tuberculosis. Being an effective immunigenic vaccine it can be used as an adjuvant in conjunction with other drugs or medicines to provide immunotherapy to cancer patients. Some researchea suggest that BCG can be used to cure superficial forms of bladded cancer and even colon.cancer by reducing the recurrence by upto 70%.
3. Various strategies have been devised for the production of Oncovaccines for the treatment of cancers.A very basic approach would include separation of proteins from cancer cells that are supposedly mutated and injecting them to produce immune cells by the natural method of Antibody production that would then recognize and kill cancer cells. Another approach is inducing an immune respinseby injecting an oncolytic virus a similar approach was used in a drug named talimogene laherparepvec which was a genetically engineered form of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) that could selectively replicate in tumor cells to express GMCSF- an immune stimulatory protein this firther enhances the anti tumor activity by releasing the protein after viral lysis, this approach is more specific offering more advantages.
4.Telomeres are the regions of repititive sequences of nucleotides at the end of chromosomes, they prevent the chromosome from deterioration and doesnt allow them to fuse to one another.Telomeres are associated with ageing and other cancer diseases.Short telomeres can cause genetic instability, chromosome loss or chromosome shortening etc.
5. Telomerase enzyme is an anti to the telomeres. Now the cancer cells have acquired the capabilities to overcome senescense by expressing telomerase enzyme, thus expanding the life cycle of a cell, this can thus be used as a biomarker for the indication of cancerous cells.Ageing may result in chromosome shortening, this impaired shortening may lead to induction of a tumor suppressor protein called p53 which serves a critical role in the cascade of events leading to apoptosis and senescense
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