Define and describe the central dogma of biology and the importance of controlli

Question

Define and describe the central dogma of biology and the importance of controlling gene expression in the molecular pathway from DNA to RNA to protein in eukaryotic cells.

Outline and discuss the RNA interference as a form of gene regulation. Then research and present one article that demonstrates a potential therapeutic drug using this technology. Include information about the disease such as cancer being targeted in the therapy and explain how this regulation is occurring at the molecular level.

Discuss epigenetic changes that control gene expression. Then research and present one article that demonstrates how epigenetic changes can be influenced by either maternal behavior, nutrition or the environment. Include information about how the DNA is modified and potential long-term implications for the individual.

Discuss how these changes or modifications to gene expression can result in different characteristics? Then explain how these changes or modifications are different from a mutation that changes the sequence of DNA.

Conclusion:

Explanation / Answer

Central dogma of biology:

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA, RNA to protein. The central dogma follows the two step process, transcription and translation. The process is given below.

DNA ? RNA ? Protein

The information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small portable RNA messages in transcription. During translation, the RNA messages travel from the DNA to the ribosomes to make specific proteins.

Genetic code:

There are 64 total codons in the genetic code, including three stop codons and one start codon, but only 20 amino acids. So there must be multiple codons for each amino acid, since otherwise there would be some codons that would have no use. It turns out that about three codons code for each amino acid. The start codon sequence is AUG and the three possible codon sequence are UAA, UAG and UGA.

Transcription and translation:

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid separates by unwinding and each chain acts as a template for a new nucleotide chain. That replication. Transcription- that is the process which genetic info is copied from DNA to RNA. and translation- that is the process of assembling polypeptides from info that is encoded in the mRNA. Two steps are very important for protein synthesis. They are

1. Trancription

Transcription = Re-writing DNA into RNA
DNA is "transcribed" or re-written into RNA in a very complicated process called transcrption. The transcription taken placed in the nucleus

2. Translation

Translation = De-coding RNA into protein (note: color coded!). the process of translation was taken placed in the cytoplasm.

During translation, the mRNA transported to the cytoplasm is "de-coded" or "translated" to produce the correct order of amino acids in a protein.. Translation requires numerous enzymes. To know the full story, we need to look at two other RNA "Key Players" - rRNA and tRNA.

RNA polymerase:

RNA polymerase (RNAP or RNApol) is an enzyme that produces RNA. In cells, RNAP is needed for constructing RNA chains from DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription. RNA polymerase enzymes are essential to life and are found in all organisms and many viruses. In chemical terms, RNAP is a nucleotidyl transferase that polymerizes ribonucleotides at the 3' end of an RNA transcript.

Ribosomes and mRNA:

Ribosomes are the sites in the cell where protein synthesis takes place. In prokaryotes translation occurs in the cytoplasm and in eukaryotes, occurs mostly in the cytosol. rRNA is responsible for reading the order of amino acids and linking the amino acids together. These are responsible for the translation of mRNA to proteins.

Please consider this note: Answering to many questions is against to CHEGG RULES.

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