Part I 1. Create a hypothesis to guide your experiment in determining if the pat

Question

Part I 1. Create a hypothesis to guide your experiment in determining if the patient's pneumonia has been caused by a fungus, a virus, or a bacterium. You may only choose one of the three. Your hypothesis should be in an "if-then' format, and should make a logical prediction of the type of microbe that caused the disease. For information on Hypothesis design review the following video, and/or visit the KU Science Center http/lcontent screencast.com/users/AbbeBreiter/folders/Default/mediai9ddfc781-b3a2-4661-b523-2b707c371dfe/Desig ning%20Hypothesis.mp4 2. Lab protocol requires examination of a sputum sample from an uninfected person to be used as a control. What is the purpose of a control sample in an experiment? 3. In the first question you constructed a hypothesis with an independent variable that can be controlled by the experimenter such as the staining or fixation process to prepare the sample slides. Now you need to discuss the observable results or the dependent variable. What would you expect to see on the slide based on your prediction? What would the causative microbe cells look like under a microscope? For example, would you see a nucleus in the microbial cell? Would it be larger or smaller than the human cells? Part II

Explanation / Answer

PART - 1 1. HYPOTHESIS ON VIRAL PNEUMONIA : Pneumonia is a respiratory infection caused by different types of microbes including fungi, viruses or bacteria. Viral pneumonia is a complication of the viruses that cause cold and flu. Adenoviruses ( causes the common cold and brochitis), Haemophilus influenzae viruses ( flu), and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the viruses that leads to viral pneumonia. The symptoms of pneumonia causes inflammation on lungs that blocks the flow of oxygen and gas exchange in the lungs. Viral infections frequently associated with carriage of common pneumoniae pathogens. Viral infections also promote bacterial adhesions to host cells. There appears to be a complex network of interactions among viruses and bacteria in the upper respiratory tract that responds to viral infection by altering the bacteria present in relative abundance. 2. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF HAVING A CONTROL SAMPLE IN AN EXPERIMENT? Pneumonia may be suspected when the doctor examines the patient and hears coarse breathing or crackling sounds when listening to a portion of the chest with a stethoscope. There may be wheezing or the sounds of breathing may be heard in particular area of chest. The most common tests that can diagnose pneumonia are blood tests and sputum samples. Sputum is a thick mucus produced when coughing. The specimen of control sample helps to isolate the independent variable's effects on the experiment. 3. A dependent variable is the variable that being tested in a scientific experiment. In the slide, hyaline membrane expanded septum and found necrosis of epithelial inclusion bodies. The alveolar septa are expanded and the air spaces become filled with air. The septa is expanded by hyperemia, edema and a cellular infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells.    PART -II : SYMPTOMS OF PNEUMONIA: 1. SYSTEMIC: a) high fever b) chills 2. SKIN: a) clamminess b) blueness on lips 3. LUNGS : a) cough with sputum b) shortness of breath c) pleuritic chest pain d) hemoptysis 4. MUSCULAR: a) fatigue b) aches 5. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM : a) headaches b) loss of appetite c) mood swings 6. VASCULAR: a) low blood pressure 7. HEART: a) high heart rate 8. GASTRIC : a) nausea b) vomiting 9. JOINTS : a) pain. VULNERABLE POPULATIONS:a) Pneumonia attacks are vulnerable either with very young or the elderly have highest risk than other age groups. b) are recovering from surgery c) donot eat enough vitamins and minerals d) person with smoking habits e) drink too much of alcohol f) less immune system and g) those who are recovering from surgery. HOW PNEUMONIA IS TREATED? The treatment plan of pneumonia consists of antibiotics and supportive care management. A) MEDICATIONS : Antibiotics - to kills the bacteria and Pencillin antibiotics - to kill specific type of bacteria. B) SUPPORTIVE CARE :a) Oxygen therapy - provides oxygen support to the lungs to overcome breathing problems. b) Oral dehydration therapy - giving fluid to treat dehydration caused by diarrhoea. c) IV fluids- to treat dehydration. HOW INDIVIDUALS CAN PROTECT FROM PNEUMONIA INFECTION? 1. Wash hands regularly, especially after go to the bathroom and before eating. 2. eat right foods with plenty of fruits and vegetables. 3. exercise daily 4. get enough sleep 5. quit smoking 6. stay away from sick people.

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