Overview: Classifying a company’s costs allows for an in-depth analysis of the i
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Overview: Classifying a company’s costs allows for an in-depth analysis of the impact that changes in output have on revenues, costs, and net income or net loss. A cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis will be completed in order to determine the breakeven point. Relevant costs will be used to prepare a flexible budget. Additionally, an appropriate costing system should be selected and the choice should be substantiated with reasonable rationale. Finally, a memo should be prepared for management that summarizes the results of the quantitative analysis and makes recommendations for an optimal costing system to be ethically used by key decision makers. For Milestone One, you will use the MDE Manufacturing Budget (Table I) to analyze costs, contribution margin, and breakeven point for the bird feeder division of the company. In Tab 1 of your Student Workbook, classify costs as either product or period costs. Briefly explain the difference between the types of costs. Then, analyze the actual costs and, using Tab 2 of your Student Workbook, complete a cost-volume-profit analysis to determine how many bird feeders must be sold at the current cost and sales price level to earn a 10% profit and how much the sales price would have to increase to earn a 10% profit at the same cost and sales volume level. Submit the Student Workbook with Tabs 1 and 2 completed with your cost calculations and a 1–2 page Word document that explains the implications of your findings and addresses all of the critical elements in Section I.
I. Sales and Manufacturing Expenses: Budget and Actual (2014)
You will use this table to complete Milestones One and Two.
Budget ($)
Actual ($)
Sales
1,050,000
991,700
Expenses
Materials – Cedar
225,000
248,160
Materials – Plastic
37,500
37,741
Factory Worker Labor
300,000
332,760
Materials – Indirect
3,000
2,585
Factory Depreciation
78,000
78,000
Factory Utilities
12,000
12,000
Factory Maintenance and Repairs
5,000
4,500
Shipping ($2.25/each)
112,500
105,750
Sales Commissions ($2.00/unit sold)
100,000
94,000
Office Rent
12,000
12,000
Advertising
20,000
20,000
Liability insurance
5,000
5,000
Office Depreciation
1,000
1,000
Office Salaries
48,000
48,000
Total Expenses
959,000
1,001,496
II. Contribution Margin: Static Budget and Actual Results (2014)
You will use this table to complete Milestone Two.
Actual Results
Static Budget Amount
Units Sold
47,000
50,000
Revenues ($)
991,700
1,050,000
Manufacturing Costs ($)
Variable
621,246
565,500
Fixed
94,500
95,000
Gross Margin
275,954
389,500
Budget ($)
Actual ($)
Sales
1,050,000
991,700
Expenses
Materials – Cedar
225,000
248,160
Materials – Plastic
37,500
37,741
Factory Worker Labor
300,000
332,760
Materials – Indirect
3,000
2,585
Factory Depreciation
78,000
78,000
Factory Utilities
12,000
12,000
Factory Maintenance and Repairs
5,000
4,500
Shipping ($2.25/each)
112,500
105,750
Sales Commissions ($2.00/unit sold)
100,000
94,000
Office Rent
12,000
12,000
Advertising
20,000
20,000
Liability insurance
5,000
5,000
Office Depreciation
1,000
1,000
Office Salaries
48,000
48,000
Total Expenses
959,000
1,001,496
Explanation / Answer
It is a problem on preparing profitability statement. It is prepared under two methods. They are:
1. absorption costing and
2. Variable costing
Under absorption costing costs are not separated into variable and fixed elements. It is charged on total basis. First ascertain cost of manufactured units. It will include all direct material, direct labor and manufacturing overhead (fixed + variable). Then deduct end inventory value and add begining inventory value to get cost of goods sold. It is deducted from tpotal sales to get gross profit.
Now from gross profit deduct total administrtaive cost (fixed here) and sales cost to get net profit. It is shown in the table below:
Note that in the above table you have considered $7.60 as cost of ending inventory per unit. It includes material labor and manufacturing costs.
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Now second method is variable cost method. here total cost is divided into fixed and varable components. Only variable manufacturing cost (direct material, direct labor and variable manufacturing overheads) are used in inventory valuation. So you will not consider fixed manufacturing cost here. Other process are same. Calculations are shown in the table below:
Explanation;
Note that cost per unit of ending inventory has been taken at $4.90. It excludes fixed manufacturig cost which was included in absorption costing.
Due to this change profit has changed. Here fixed manufacturing cost per unit is $2.7. Muliply it with ending stock quantity of 20,000 unit. The amiunt is 20,000 x $2.7 = $54,000. Add it with net profit under variable costing. The figure is $94,475+$54,000= $148,475. It is profit under absorption costing.
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Answer of part III Benchmarking:
It is a problem on standard costing. The company has fixed up standard quantity of cloth rerquired and handle required per unit of goods produced. Also their standard rates are there. You have to compare them with actual cost to get the variance. Calculatons are shown below.
1. Actual quantity produced x standard yeards per unit x standard rate per yard
= 80,000 x 1.50 yards x $1.15 = $138,000
2. Actual quantity x actual yards used per unit x standard rate per yard
=128,000 yards x $1.15 = $147,200
3. Actual quantity of yards used x actual rate per yard
= 128,000 yards x $1.25 per yard = $160,000
Therfore:
total material cost variance = (1) - (3) = $138,000 - $160,000 = -$22,000 (adverse)
Total quantity variance = (1) - (2) = $138,000 - $147,200 = -$9,200 ( adverse)
Total price variance = (2) - (3) = $147,200 - $160,000 = -$12,800 (adverse)
Thus company has operated ineffecietly. It has used cloth more than standard quantity and also purchased them at higher price. Hence material cost is more than stanndard.
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Now consider hanle cost. Compare it with benchmark cost and identify variance with reasons. It is shown below:
1. quantity produced x standard quantity per unit x standard rate per unit
= 80,000 x 1 unit x $1.05 = $84,000
2. Actual handlw used x standard rate
80,808 x $1.05 = $84,848.4
3. actual quantity used x actual rate
80,808 x $0.99 = $79,999.92
Therefore,
Total handle cost variance = (1) - 93) = $84,000 - $79,999.92 = $4,000.08 (favorable)
Volume variance = (1) - (2) = $84,000 - 84,848.4 = -$848.4 ( adverse)
Price variance = (2) - (3) = $84,848.4 - $79,999.92 = $4,818.48 (favorable)
Here actual consumption quantity is more than prescribed in the standard. So volume variance is adverse. But the materials are purchased at lower rate. So price variance is favorable. Also overall variance is favorable.
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finally compare labor cost actually incurred with the standard. It is shown below:
1. Actual production x standard hours per unit x standard rate per hour
=80,000 units x 0.20 hours x $7.50= $120,000
2. Actual production x actual hours used per unit x standard rate per hour
=15,748 hours x $7.50 = $118,110
3. Actual hours used x actual rate per hour
=$120,000
Therefore,
Total direct labor cost variance = (1) - (3) = $120,000-$120,000= 0
Effeciency variance = (1) - (2) = $120,000 - $118,110 = $1,890 (Favorable)
Rate of pay variance = (2) - (3) = $118,110 - $120,000 = -$1,890 (adverse)
Here company has used less hours to manufacture the product. So it has operated effeciently. But as the wage rate is higher than standard rate of variance is adverse. However tese two variances are of same amoiunt with opposite sign. So ultimately there is no total labor cost variance.
Statement of profitability under absorption costing Amount Amount 1.Quantity produced 80,000 2. Sales quantity 60,000 3. sales price per unit $12.50 4. Total sale valuw [1x 2] $750,000 5. direct material per unit $3 6. Direct labor per unit (variable) $1.50 7. Manufacturing over head (variable) $0.40 8. Fixed manufacturing cost (total) $216,000 9. Fixed manufacturing cost (p.u) [7/1] 2.7 10.Cost of production per unit [5+6+7+9] $7.60 11. Total cost of gods produced [ 1 x 10] $608,000 12.Ending Inventory [20,000 units x $7.60] $152,000 13.Cost of goods produced and sold [11-12] $456,000 14. Gross profit; [4-13] $294,000 15. Sales cost per unit (variable) $1.10 16. Total variable sales cost [2x 15] $66,000.00 17. Administrative cost (fixed) $79,525 18. Total non operating cost [16+17] $145,525 19. Net profit [14 - 18] $148,475Related Questions
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