r caiciull 8h the heart? What are the effects of magnesium on the heart What are
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r caiciull 8h the heart? What are the effects of magnesium on the heart What are the effects of anemia on the heart Describe the angiography What are indications for cardiac catherization? What are the complications What's the purpose of ECG What's the purpose of EP studies? What's an exercise stress test and procedure? And how is the patient prepared? How is the pharmacologic stress echocardiogram performed? What is an echocardiogram What's the transesophageal echocardiography and purpose What is the PET scan? What would you expect afterward? What is the cardiac blood pooling scanning What are cold spots and hot spots What is the MRI's purpose? What are the specifies you need to know when a patient needs to have one? DOLLExplanation / Answer
1. Magnesium is an important mineral for the functioning of the heart. It's actions include;
Regulate heart rhythm. Just as it helps nerve function throughout the body, magnesium is important for coordinating the activity of the heart muscle and the nerves that initiate the heartbeat. If your magnesium levels are low, you are more likely to be at risk for arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and heart palpitations.
Prevent angina. Magnesium helps keep coronary arteries from having spasms, which is what causes the intense chest pain known as angina. In fact, a deficiency of magnesium is the most common cause of such arterial spasms.
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Everyday Health Heart Health Heart Health
The Link Between Magnesium and Heart Health
By Dr. Arthur Agatston
What is the role of magnesium in heart health?
— Susan, Georgia
Magnesium has hundreds of important functions in the body, from energy production and proper nerve function to muscle relaxation. Studies are mixed about whether its potential heart benefits come from the magnesium itself or from a combination of magnesium and other beneficial nutrients (such as potassium and fiber). Or perhaps it’s simply that people who eat a magnesium-rich diet are more health conscious in general. But there is no question that this important mineral plays a key role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Here’s a crash course in what magnesium can do to help your heart:
Regulate heart rhythm. Just as it helps nerve function throughout the body, magnesium is important for coordinating the activity of the heart muscle and the nerves that initiate the heartbeat. If your magnesium levels are low, you are more likely to be at risk for arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and heart palpitations. While doctors can temporarily stabilize irregular heartbeats with injections of a magnesium compound, this is generally not done except in an emergency situation.
Prevent angina. Magnesium helps keep coronary arteries from having spasms, which is what causes the intense chest pain known as angina. In fact, a deficiency of magnesium is the most common cause of such arterial spasms.
Control high blood pressure. By relaxing the muscles that control blood vessels and allowing blood to flow more freely, magnesium may play a role in reducing elevated blood pressure, an important factor in decreasing the risk for heart attack and stroke. Magnesium’s effect on high blood pressure is further enhanced because it helps equalize the levels of potassium and sodium in the blood.
Limit complications of congestive heart failure. Because magnesium can help lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of arrhythmia, two frequent complications in those with congestive heart failure, a weakened heart may benefit from getting more of this mineral.
2. Anemia, or a low hemoglobin level in the blood, is often linked to heart disease because the heart has to work harder to pump more blood and oxygen through the body.
When anemia becomes severe, the heart has to pump harder and faster to compensate for the decreased oxygen levels in the body. While there are different types of anemia, they all are due to the same underlying problems — insufficient red blood cells or lack of hemoglobin. Resting heart rates are higher in people with anemia due to the decreased number of red blood cells present in the circulatory system. Because there are fewer total red blood cells available to deliver the appropriate amount of oxygen to the body's tissues and organs, or because each red blood cell carries less oxygen to the cells, the heart pumps faster to circulate the available red blood cells more quickly throughout the system to keep the cells alive. Along with an increased resting heart rate, anemia also causes a prolonged, elevated heart rate when exercising. After exercise, the heart takes longer than normal to return to a reasonable heart rate.
3. Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins and the heart chambers. This is traditionally done by injecting a radio-opaque contrast agent into the blood vessel and imaging using X-ray based techniques such as fluoroscopy.
Depending on the type of angiogram, access to the blood vessels is gained most commonly through the femoral artery, to look at the left side of the heart and at the arterial system; or the jugular or femoral vein, to look at the right side of the heart and at the venous system. Using a system of guide wires and catheters, a type of contrast agent (which shows up by absorbing the X-rays), is added to the blood to make it visible on the x-ray images.
The X-ray images taken may either be still, displayed on an image intensifier or film, or motion images. For all structures except the heart, the images are usually taken using a technique called digital subtraction angiography or DSA. Images in this case are usually taken at 2 – 3 frames per second, which allows the interventional radiologist to evaluate the flow of the blood through a vessel or vessels. This technique "subtracts" the bones and other organs so only the vessels filled with contrast agent can be seen. The heart images are taken at 15–30 frames per second, not using a subtraction technique. Because DSA requires the patient to remain motionless, it cannot be used on the heart. Both these techniques enable the interventional radiologist or cardiologist to see stenosis (blockages or narrowings) inside the vessel which may be inhibiting the flow of blood and causing pain.
After an angiogram, a sudden shock can cause a little pain at the surgery area, but heart attacks and strokes usually don't occur, as they may in bypass surgery. damage to blood vessels can occur at the site of puncture/injection, and anywhere along the vessel during passage of the catheter. If digital subtraction angiography is used instead, the risks are considerably reduced because the catheter does not need to be passed as far into the blood vessels; thus lessening the chances of damage or blockage.
One of the most common angiograms performed is to visualize the blood in the coronary arteries. A long, thin, flexible tube called a catheters ram is used to administer the X-ray contrast agent at the desired area to be visualized. The catheter is threaded into an artery in the forearm, and the tip is advanced through the arterial system into the major coronary artery. X-ray images of the transient radiocontrast distribution within the blood flowing inside the coronary arteries allows visualization of the size of the artery openings. Presence or absence of atherosclerosis or atheroma within the walls of the arteries cannot be clearly determined. See coronary catheterization for more detail.
4. Indications of cardiac catheterization;
Complications and Risks
There are always risks with any medical procedure, and serious risks, such as stroke or heart attack, from this procedure are approximately 1 in 1,000.
5. The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a noninvasive routine examination of the electrical activity of the heart that is used to reflect underlying heart conditions.
Based on these observations, ECG will help to screen and diagnose for the following conditions :
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