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Question

From each link provided, please answers under it.

https://www.docdroid.net/3zq9LWv/marx-alienation-social-class-grusky.pdf.html

1. Marx discusses the “estrangement” or “alienation” of the worker as having four inter-related aspects or characteristics. What term does he use to describe the first of them, and how is it experienced by the worker?

2. Marx's second aspect of work alienation is alienation from the act of production. Marx identifies a long list of ways in which this aspect of alienation is felt or perceived by the worker. Which strike you as being the most prominent or important, and why?

3. Marx's third aspect of alienation is alienation from the life of one's species, or “species-being.” Marx discusses a number of ways in which the “species-being” or “life activity” of man differs from that of animals. Which seem to you to be the most important to Marx?

4. Marx's fourth aspect of alienation is alienation from other men. What men or man in particular does Marx see the worker as being alienated from?

5. What does Marx see as the relationship between private property and alienated labor? Which does he see as the cause of the other?

6. What does Marx see as the effect of an increase in wages on work alienation?

7. About which of Marx's four aspects of alienation did he remark “Here we have self-estrangement?”

8. How prevalent is alienation in contemporary capitalist societies? Don’t some people like their jobs? If so, have they been fooled somehow? Why/Why not?

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1.    1. How would you explain the high or low cost of various commodities in terms of the socially necessary labor time required for their production?

2.    2. What is the relationship between surplus labor, surplus value, and surplus produce? (3 sentences minimum)

3.    3. How does Marx say that capitalists get profit from the labor power of workers?

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1. What are the three areas from which C. Wright Mills says elites come? How does "the close collaboration” of three kinds of organizations affect the political and economic influence of elites?

2. Discuss whether, according to Mills, elites are evil or act in a conspiratorial way?

3. How do shared values, rather than conspiracy, create consistent beliefs among elites?

4. Unlike Europe, America did not come from a feudal past. There was no monarchy here, no “recognized aristocratic superiors.” Why does Mills find that point important for understanding how the U.S. upper class evolved, as opposed to in Europe? (2 sentences minimum)

Explanation / Answer

1.The first aspect was product of labour. The product of labour which has been converted into an object is the objectification of object. Since the labour has given life to the object and what he possess now does not belong to him but to the object. Greater the quality of object or greater the hard work he has done, the lesser he posses to himself or more he is diminished. Thus he feels alienated.

2. Alienation of the worker is also in the process of production. Since the work is external and it is not part of his nature. The worker develops feeling of misery and not well being i.e he is not developing his mental and physical energies freely but he is physically and mentally exhausted. His work is imposed upon him or forced not voluntary. Also he believes that he is working for somebody else and not for himself, thus he feels alienated. Most important aspect is that the work is external and he is working for others and the work does not belong to him which makes him feel alienated

3. The worker feels that he is freely active in his animal functions like eating, drinking or procreating, in his dwellings. He works only as a means to satisfy his needs or for his existence which makes him feel alienated.

But man is a species being that he makes the community and is different from the animals. Animals produce only for themselves or their young ones or in a single direction whereas man produces universally for the well being of all. Animals construct only for themselves or for their species to which they belong while man constructs taking in consideration of all the species

4. Alienation of worker to other man because worker feels that this work does not belong to him but rather to other man. The activity is a torment to him but must be a source of enjoyment for other man. So he feels alienated

5.Since the labour feels that he does not belong to the object but to another man who is the lord of this object or his private property. This man does not work or outside this work process. Private property is the cause that the alienates himself from the work.

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