Describe how HIV attacks its host cells by explaining its life cycle. Make sure

Question

Describe how HIV attacks its host cells by explaining its life cycle. Make sure to include/explain these terms in your answer: GP120, CD4, reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease Explain the key differences between bacterial conjugation, transformation and transduction List and describe the different adaptations evolved by tetrapods for terrestrial life. List chordate synapomorphies In this phylogeny mark the following on the phylogeny with an arrow a. synapomorphy of bilateral symmetry first evolved b. synapomorphy of developing an anus from the blastospore c. synapomorphy of having true tissues

Explanation / Answer

1.HIV life cycle

HIV binds to receptors on the surface of CD4 cell using GP120 (viral glycoprotein)(CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in protecting the body from infection)

HIV envelope and CD4 cell membrane fuse together allowing HIV to enter CD4 cell

In CD4 cell HIV releases reverse transcriptase which is an HIV enzyme to convert its genetic material HIV-RNA to HIV-DNA such a conversion allows HIV to enter CD4 cell nucleus combine with its genetic cell DNA

Once the integration with CD4 cell DNA is done HIV uses machinery of CD4 to build long chains of HIV protein

Inside the CD4 cell HIV releases an enzyme Integrase to insert its viral DNA into DNA of CD4 cell

New HIV proteins and HIV RNA move to the surface of cell and assemble as immature HIV which are non infectious

They push them out of CD4 and release an enzyme protease to break their long protein chains to form immature virus which combine to form an infectious HIV

2. These are all mechanisms of DNA exchanges . In transformation: a bacterium acquires DNA from the environment. In transduction: a virus infects a bacterium and some bacterial DNA is entrapped in the viral capside; this virus infects another bacterium and transfers the DNA of the previous bacterium. In conjugation: a bacterium transfers DNA directly to another bacterium(by mating)

3.

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