Which of the following play a role in increasing venous return? 1. RAA system 2.

Question

Which of the following play a role in increasing venous return? 1. RAA system 2. Respiratory pump 3. Increased cardiac output 4. ADH action in kidney tubules 5. Quads muscle contraction 6. Increased SNS outflow a. 1, 2, 3 b. 4, 5, 6 c. 1, 3, 4, 6 d, 2, 5, 6 e. All of the above Please place in the correct chronological order the following events that occur during normal contraction of Smooth Muscle. 1. Ca^2+ enters cell through DHP channels (a little Ca^2+ released from meager SR stores) 2. Myosin Kinase phosphorylates the "hinge" region of myosin molecule. 3. Ca^2+ binds and activates Calmodulin proteins. 4. Phosphorylated Myosin heads can now move and bind and pull actin thin filaments. 5. Activated Calmodulin then in turn activates Myosin Light Chain Kinase enzymes. 6. Cross-bridge cycling continues until Myosin Phosphatase enzymes remove phosphate from myosin light chains rendering them immobile and ending contraction. a. 1, 3, 6, 5, 4, 2 b. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3, 6 c. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6 d. 1, 6, 2, 3, 4, 5 e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Which of these statements are correct? a. Endocrine system effects are prolonged or longer lasting than are Nervous system effects. b. Nervous system works immediately (faster) the Endocrine System. c. BOTH the Nervous & Endocrine Systems depend upon receptors to create any and all of their physiological effects. d. All of the above e. Only a & b

Explanation / Answer

Answer: (89) Option d

Respiratory pump, Quads muscle contraction and increased SNS outflow helps in increasing venous return.Respiratory pump help return blood in thoracic cavity and abdomen to heart by creating a pressure gradient between the infra- and supradiaphragmatic parts of vena cava inferior. Quads muscle contraction helps in venous blood return by skeletal muscle pump mechanism.SNS outflow can increase venous vasoconstriction which leads to increased venous return.

(90) Option c

Normal contraction of smooth muscle are arranged in 1,3,5,2,6 order.

(91) Option d

Response to endocrine system stimulation are generally slow but long lasting.Nervous system responds quickly to stimuli through neurotransmitters. Both endocrine and nervous sytem release regulatory molecules that binds to receptor proteins in the cells of organ .

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