3. What is a teratogen? In which period of development is a teratogen most likel

Question

3. What is a teratogen? In which period of development is a teratogen most likely to exert physiological, rather than major morphological, defects? Discuss a minimum of three types of teratogens.

4. A woman over 40 has just discovered she is 15 weeks pregnant. What tests is a clinician likely to recommend for this individual? Are these tests the same as, or different from, a woman aged 25 who is 15 weeks pregnant? Why or why not?

5. Describe the mechanism of estriol production by the placenta. What other hormones are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy and successful parturition? Where are these hormones produced? What is their function?

Explanation / Answer

Q3.Teratogen is chemical substance that can cause congenital defects. It is a agent that can disturb the normal development of an embryo or fetus. It may cause a birth defect in the child. Or a teratogen may halt the pregnancy also. During the early developmental period of foetus a teratogen may cause physiological defects by the development of defected organ systems.

The classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs.

Potassium iodide is a chemical, is a mild irritant and should be handled with gloves. Chronic exposure ma cause adverse effects on the thyroid.

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result inFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

Lack of nutrients like folic acid during pregnancy can result in spina bifida.

Q4. Lady may be or may not be pregnant as the stop of menstrual cycle may be issue. To confirm the pregnancy ultrasound based diagnosis should be done along with hormone testing.

During menopause, the number of ovarian follicles decreases and the ovaries become less responsive to hormones involved in reproduction—Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

Hence the level of various hormones should be tested. In a young women with active menstrual cycle pregnancy may be tested only by checking the level of hCG in urine followed by ultrasonogrphy.

Q5. Placenta produce Estrogen, Progesterone & hCG. Theplacenta is an endocrine gland that is only present during pregnancy, Ihumanplacental lactogen (hPL). Plecenta Estrogen maintain pregnancy.

Progesterone produced by Overy helps in perturbation.

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