34 Many trillions of transgenic organisms have been made by man, for example Bt

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34 Many trillions of transgenic organisms have been made by man, for example Bt com 35. Viruses are cells and are alive 36. Viruses may have less than 10 genes, although several have been found that has more than some bacteria, like the Pandora viruses with 2,000 or more genes. 37. Most known bacteria have a few thousand genes although a few have less than 200 38. Man has around 200,000 genes which is more than found in most organisms 39. One person has about 60-100 billion miles of DNA 40. Mycoplasms, lack peptidoglycan, are about 1.2 um long and lack cell walls are pleomorphic and some cause human disease 41. Mesophiles like temperatures of around 40 degrees Celsius 42. The normal autoclave parameters are 121 degrees celsius, 15 seconds, 15 psi but can be varied 43.Formaldehyde is not a good antiseptic or disinfectant, except under very limited circumstances. 44. Rhinoviruses have DNA as genetic material and are thus unlikely to cause cancer 45 DNA viruses are more likely to cause cancer than RNA viruses, with the exception of retroviruses 46. AIDS is in the retroviridae and carries in the virion reverse transcriptase for making a DNA copy of its RNA in the host cell 47. There are around 45 different transfer RNS in a typical human cell 48. DNA codes for messenger RNAs, while nonsense DNA codes for long non-coding RNAS 49. Translation occurs in nucleus of eukaryotes and the nucleoid of prokaryotes 49. Exons are found in archea, bacteria and eukaryotes, although they appear to be rare and not as important in archea and bacteria. 50. Waksman probably coined the term antibiotic, while discovering streptomycin 51 Selman Waxman is known for staining, immunity and the magic bullet 52. Metchnikov won innate immunity 53. Endospores may have genes for antibiotic resistance and toxicity and are probably a major player in drug a noble prize and coined the term phagocytosis and is considered by some the father of resistance 54.One giant Armillaria sp, a mycorhizzae, occupies 1,600 football fields and is probably thousands of years old 55. Fungi can be saprophytic, parasitic and a few are predaceous 56. Hyphae are filamentous structures that make up the mycelium of most fungi 57. There are Ascomycota about a hundred thousand described species of fungi with the largest number in the ified adenoviruses filoviridae and retroviruses like HIV are being used as vectors in biotechnology of viruses is made of lipids derived from host cell membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum 9. The envelope by budding 60 We are not well prepared for bird flu or any pandemic 61. Viral diseases included rabies, measles,small pox, mumps, monkey pox, herpes, warts, ebola hemorrhagic fever, dengue and shingles 62. Prions are infectious genetic material that were named by Stanley Pruisner and are found in many vertebrates, like sheep, minks, cattle, humans, and in some fungi 63. The flaviviridae includes Yellow fever, hepC, West Nile viruses and Dengue Diatoms have been used in clarifying wine, making dynamite , played a role in the Nobel prize make oil from sunlight and CO2 and some produce domoic acid which can erase short term memory 65. Ebola and Marburg are in the Filoviridae 66. There is no pressing need for man to produce new vaccines, like DNA vaccines, because viruses a minor threat to the human race, therefore the politicians and leaders of the world are well-informed 67 The lack of medical and biological literacy of our politicians is a huge problem especially in decisions about the health care industry 68. Retrotransposons may have given rise to some viruses 69, Retrotransposons represent a large part of our DNA-60% or more 70 Retroviruses have inserted there RNA into our ancestors so that may be 10% of the nonsense DNA of humans is viral. represent

Explanation / Answer

34) true. Transgenic organism is a one in which a transgene ( gene from another species) is inserted inorder to improve its qualities. Various transgenic organism have been developed for developing pest resistance (eg. Bt corn, by cotton), improved nutritional value ( golden rice), high milk production ( genetically modified goats and cows).

35)False. Viruses are not complete cells. They comprise of only genetic material ( RNA or DNA ) encapsulated in a protein coat. They lack other essential requirements to be alive and be called a cell for eg. Organelles, enzymes for biochemical processes, etc. Hence they don't eat, grow or divide outside a host cell. They use the host machinery for a all of this.

36) False. Viruses have very few genes ( those that are required for making and assembling it's coat and packing it's genetic material inside it). There no virus called pandora virus.

37) false. Bacteria do have few genes (~1500-200) but none have 200. The lowest number is 500-1500 genes found in pathogenic bacteria.

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