7 ) amie Richards is a 20 year old junior in college. She is majoring in biology

Question

7 )

amie Richards is a 20 year old junior in college. She is majoring in biology and hopes someday to be a pediatrician. Beginning about a month ago, Jamie noticed that she was waking up once, sometimes twice a night, by the need to go to the bathroom. More recently, she has noticed that she needs to go to the bathroom during her school day much more frequently than before, sometimes as often as once every hour.

At first, Jamie thought that her increased frequency of urination was due to all the coffee she drank, but when she reduced her coffee consumption to one cup in the morning, she still needed to go to the bathroom just as often. In addition, Jamie was buying bottled water by the case, and she found herself never without a beverage in her hand or nearby. She also noticed that her urine seemed pale and colorless.

When Jamie told her mother or her problem, her mother became very concerned and arranged for Jamie to see the family physician. Her physician found no abnormalities on physical examination. However, a blood chemistry profile revealed the following

Plasma sodium level 149 mEq/kg

Plasma osmolality    308 mOsm/kg

Fasting plasma glucose   85 mg/dl

Urine osmolality 200 mOsm/kg

Urine glucose: negative

1. What are the normals for the above? What does osmolality mean? How is it measured?

Plasma sodium level

Plasma osmolality

Fasting plasma glucose

Urine osmolality

Urine glucose level

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Explanation / Answer

The normal plasma sodium level is 135-145 mEq/L

The reference range of plasma osmolality is 275–295 mOsm/kg

The range of normal Fasting Plasma Glucose is 70–130 mg/dL

The normal 24-hour urine osmolality is, on average, 500-800 mOsm/kg of water. Random urine osmolality should average 300-900 mOsm/kg of water.

The normal amount of glucose in urine is 0 to0.8 mmol/L

Osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles of solute per litre of solution.The osmolarity of a solution is usually expressed as Osm/L. This value allows the measurement of the osmotic pressure of a solution and the determination of how the solvent will diffuse across a semipermeable membrane (osmosis) separating two solutions of different osmotic concentration.

The Osmolarity is measured using an Osmometer It works on the method of depression of freezing point , which first measures the Osmotic pressure Osmoles. Using this Osmolarity is calculated by the following formula

Calculated osmolarity = 2 Na + Glucose + Urea ( all in mmol/L).

or

Calculated osmolarity = 2 Na + 2 K + Glucose + Urea ( all in mmol/L).

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