Question 1 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Which statement best describes th

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Question 1 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Which statement best describes the usefulness of Toll like receptors? Select one: a. They are an important part of adaptive immunity. b. They release chemicals to stimulate immunity. c. They stimulate antibody production. Flag question d. They are an important part of innate immunity. A child gets a severe case of diarrhea and produces antibodies to a norovirus infection. This is an example of Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 P Flag question Select one: a. active immunity b. passive immunity c.component immunity

Explanation / Answer

1.d) they are an important part of innate immunity. Toll-like protein is class of protein that can initiate an immune response by detecting and identifying conserved sequence present on a pathogen and is usually expressed by macrophage or dendritic cell.

2.a) active immunity. Active immunity develops when an individual release specific antibody in response to the antigen or pathogen exposed. Here in the case of norovirus infection child itself is producing antibody by activating the immune system after encountering infection hence it is an example of active immunity.

3. c) immunogenic but not pathogenic. A toxoid vaccine is prepared from a toxin that is rendered harmless and is utilized as an antigen in the form of the vaccine to evoke an immune response whenever further encounter with toxin take place. Thus their immunogenic property is maintained but the pathogenic ability is eliminated.

4.b) variable region. Antigen binds to the Fab(fragment antigen binding) region of an antibody which involves variable region from both light and heavy chain. It is the variable region that gives the required specificity for efficient binding of antigen on antibody molecule.

5.c) mechanical barrier. The mechanical/physical barrier such as skin and mucous membrane poses as the first-line barrier in the immune response. A pathogen must have to evade these barriers in order to enter the body. Skin inhibits the growth of microorganism through its sebaceous secretion that makes it tough to penetrate. Similarly, mucous membrane from respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts also entrap foreign microorganism.

6. a)protein with a molecular weight of 200,000. To be the best immunogen its molecular weight has to be greater than 100,000 because substance smaller than this size do not show immunogenic property and the immunogen is a protein that can elicit an immune response.  

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