5.) Often considered proxies for the most primitive of vertebrates, these living
ID: 215213 • Letter: 5
Question
5.) Often considered proxies for the most primitive of vertebrates, these living organisms are actually highly modified and well adapted to their specialized lifestyles.
a.) heterostracans
b.) hagfish and lampreys
c.) anaspids and cephalospids
d.) petromyzonitidae
6.) For osmoregulation, lamprey:
a.) have a tough skin to protect against water loss in marine environments
b.) can excrete large amounts of water and retain salts in a freshwater environment
c.) are osmoregulators with no net flow of water in either marine or freshwater environments
d.) answers 1 & 2 only
7.) This sense organ is well developed in both hagfish and lamprey.
a.) olfactory organ
b.) semicircular canals
c.) eyes and associated musculature
d.) auditory organs
8.) Which of the following is not present in a cyclostome digestive system.
a.) mouth/tongue
b.) intestines
c.) stomach
d.) horny cusps/epidermal teeth
9.) A synapomorphic trait for Class Cephalospidomorphi:
a.) diplorhiny
b.) fusiform body shape
c.) head shields
d.) nasohypophyseal opening
10.) Gas exchange in hagfish:
a.) involves a gill chamber covered with a network of blood vessels
b.) utilizes an exchange gill located in an internal chamber
c.) is the result of an anatomical construction which leads to a parallel (same direction) current system for gas exchange
d.) all of these statements are involved with the respiratory system of the hagfish
11.) In the evolution of vertebrates, the gnathostome step: (check all that apply)
a.) involved transition in the feeding method employed so the organism can select food from its environment
b.) elastic fibers replacing collagen fibers provided support for raptorial feeding
c.) complex, folded respiratory membranes for increased respiratory demands due to active lifestyle
d.) ciliary pump supported by pharyngeal pump for a more forceful pull of water
e.) required development of jaw and associated musculature to grasp and hold caught prey
12.) Another key vertebrate innovation to occur along with a muscular pump were ___, which also supported increased respiratory demands of an active prechordate.
13.) A major evolutionary event in chordate evolution is represented by:
a.) the occurrence of a body inversion, reversing the dorsoventral axis
b.) the mouth remaining ventrally located in both hemichordates and vertebrates
c.) the extension of the notochord, now present along its entire length
d.) the larval stage being removed from development
14.) Recent information from genome-sequencing suggests that ___ are vertebrates closest living relative.
15. When discussing agnathans, generally refer to extinct species, whereas denote living species.
16.) ___ are the only vertebrate discussed to date that are isoosmotic with their environment.
17.) A unique characteristic of hagfish is their ability to tie themselves in a knot, which: (check all that apply)
a.) assists them in escape when captured
b.) allows them to kill prey by asphyxiation
c.) assists in generating force to tear off flesh
d.) permits egg laying in constructed mud nests
e.) permits cleaning of surface integumentary scales
18.) Lamprey have an extended larval period, during which time this juvenile form is referred to as a(n) ___.
Explanation / Answer
14.Tunicates are the closest living vertebrates
15.extinct species
16.Hag fish
They are unique in being the only "vertebrate" in which the body fluids are isosmotic ... and forms,
17.c for squeezing food and tearing flesh
18.Ammocoete larva
5.c
6.d
7.a
8.d
9.a
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