Antibodies 24. (3 pts) What are the two main kinds of leukocytes in the human im

Question

Antibodies 24. (3 pts) What are the two main kinds of leukocytes in the human immune system? 25. (2 pts) An individual molecular structure within an antigen to which an individual antibody binds is as a(n) (circle one) a. antigern b. epitope C. Fab region d. Fc region e. MHC site 26. (4 pts) Name and describe two biotechnologies and/or analytic techniques that make use of antibodies Binding 27. (4 pts) Which binding interaction is generally stronger: antibody-antigen binding, or enzyme-substrate binding? Why is this the case?- give a reason explaining your answer. 28. (3 pts) What is the strongest known protein-ligand interaction? (Name both the ligand and the protein.) 29. (2 pts) Which statement about protein-ligand binding is CORRECT? a. The Ka is equal to the concentration of ligand when all of the binding sites are occupied. b. The Ka is independent of such conditions as salt concentration and pH c. The larger the Ka (association constant), the weaker the affinity d. The larger the Ka, the faster is the binding e. The larger the Ka, the smaller the Ka (dissociation constant). 30. (2 pts) True or False ? Most small-molecule drugs have a Ka> 1 nM 4

Explanation / Answer

24) Two main kinds of leukocytes in the human immune system are- Granulocytes (50-60%) & Lymphocytes (20-30%). The other type is Monocytes (1-7%). Granulocytes are divided into three classes- Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils. Granulocytes are part of innate immunity & lymphocytes are part of adaptive immunity.

25) Molecular structure within an antigen that binds with antibody is called epitope. Fab region is present in the antibody to which epitope of antigen is bind.

26) Two analytical techniques that use antibody are- ELISA & Monoclonal antibody (mAb) production.

ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay): Its an assay use to detect substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies etc. It can be of three types- indirect, sandwich & competitive. Level of antibody is determined by indirect ELISA, where as antigen level can be determined by sandwich & competitive ELISA. ELISA is useful to detect certain infectious condition in the body such as AIDS.

Monoclonal Antibody: Monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity,i.e., they bind to the same epitope. Its useful to increase the therapeutic targets. The have engineered to bind to immune system components and redirect immune responses to specific targets & increase the efficiency of immune response. Its produced by hybridoma technology. Some monoclonal antibodies that are used in cancer treatments are- Rituximab, Cetuximab, Denosumab etc.

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