13. Mycobacterium avium-intracelulage is prevalent in AIDS patients. In an effor
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13. Mycobacterium avium-intracelulage is prevalent in AIDS patients. In an effort to determine the source of this infection, hospital water systems were sampled. The water contained chlorine. When were the samples containing M Avium highest? Why do you think this is? Percentage of samples with M Avium: Cold water Hot water February June 88% 50% February 22% June 11% 14. Twenty-one percent of the patients in a large hospital acquired Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis during their hospital stay. These patients required longer hospital stays than uninfected patients. Epidemiological studies provided the following information. What is the most likely mode of transmission of this bacterium in hospitals? How can transmission be prevented? Rate of infection for patients Single room Double room Triple room 7% 17% 26% Rate of environmental isolations of C. difficile: Bed rail 10% Floor Call Button Toilet 6% 3% Hands of hospital personnel after contact with patients that were culture-positive for C. difficile:Explanation / Answer
13) Mycobacterium Avium Intracellurae most commonly called as MAC affects the upper respiratory tract and gastro intestinal infections. The route of infection is primarily through nasal passage and GI tract. This infection destroys the macrophages and CD4 cells. It can be transmitted through aerosols, fresh water, salt water, hot water systems, soils, dust, foods, plants and various types of animals. This causative agent is mostly seen in hot water systems and able to wee able to proliferate and divide in hot water than in cold water and effect of chlorination is also seen minimal inhibitory action on the organisms. So with all these drawbacks these bacteria can easily divide and infect host through potable water.
With the data given in the table we can say that the bacteria is able to divide in hot water than in cold with presence of chlorine and to avoid contamination of disease by water further filtration and sanitation of water should be done before supply.
The presence of MAC bacteria is more quantity in hot water indicates that there are more well accustomed to hot water indicating that water boiling treatment would be ineffective to kill them so water treatment should be done with other means like ozonization and use of biofilms.
14) Clostridium difficile infection causes diarrhea which is seen in the person with long stay in hospitals or health care centers and patients who have been with long term antibiotic treatment. Long term antibiotic treatment may remove all helpful bacteria in the intestine and may get inhabitated by clostridium difficile leaidn to gastro intestinal infections. Further this infection also occurs through health care providers like if patient is treated for clostridium difficile by a heath care personal and of the same doctor treats other patients for other disease without using gloves of sanitation there is chance of transmission of the disease to the second person thus how the disease gets transmitted.
To prevent the spread of infection heath care providers should be extra caution while treating patients with clostridium difficile and other persons avoiding transmission of disease.
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