Tutorial 3 1. Define DNA and draw the primary structure of DNA 2. Name and draw
ID: 212186 • Letter: T
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Tutorial 3 1. Define DNA and draw the primary structure of DNA 2. Name and draw the structure for the FOUR (4) different mucleotide that bases the DNA. 3. Which bases are: a parines b. pyrimidines 4 State the physical properties of the polynucleotide components. 5. What is 'codon" 6. Differentiate between transcription and translation of DNA. 7. Explain what is meant by a. DNA chains in a double helix being antiparallel b. a5-3 direction in a linear DNA molecule. 8What are Alu sequences? 9. Discuss the broad differences between the typical prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. 10. The DNA structure simply written as CATAGCCCG. What does it mean in terms ofa double-stranded structure and the polarity of the two chains? 11. What are the substrate s for DNA synthesis? 12. In which direction does DNA synthesis proceed? 13. Explain how the DNA-shortening problem in replication is coped with.Explanation / Answer
1) Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diksirabonjklik, -klek/ ( listen);[1] DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.
The two DNA strands are called polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotides.[2][3] Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containingnucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together, according to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G), with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA.
The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups, pyrimidines and purines. In a DNA molecule, the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine, the purines are adenine and guanine.
DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate. A large part of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription. Under the genetic code, these RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation.
2)The nucleobases are classified into two types: the purines, A and G, being fused five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds, and the pyrimidines, the six-membered rings C and T.[13] A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase, uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring. In addition to RNA and DNA, many artificial nucleic acid analogues have been created to study the properties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology
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