1. Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________. b. para
ID: 211192 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.
b. paracrine
2. The gonads produce what class of hormones?
c. steroid hormones
3. The important feature of all cells that react to a specific hormone is (are) the
a. type of blood supply they receive.
b. proximity of the endocrine gland.
c. presence of an appropriate receptor molecule.
d. characteristics of their plasma membranes.
e. presence of specific genes responsive to the hormone.
4. Blood glucose levels are regulated by
a. insulin.
b. glucagon.
c. cortisol.
d. insulin and glucagon only.
e. insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.
5. Excess glucose is converted into glycogen in the
a. pancreas. d. thyroid.
b. liver. e. none of these
c. thymus.
6. The actions of insulin and glucagon could be described as
b. antagonistic.
7. Lack of iodine will lead to the development of
a. diabetes insipidus. d. acromegaly.
b. diabetes mellitus. e. Graves disease.
c. a simple goiter.
8. Which pancreatic hormone will be secreted when blood glucose levels are high?
a. insulin
9. Which of the following is an exocrine gland?
b. salivary glands
10. The reason that some individual hormones have so many different effects is that
c. there are a great many different cells in different tissues that have specific receptors for the hormone.
11. Which of the following stimuli activates sensors in the walls of digestive organs?
d. all of the above
12. The process that releases digestive enzymes is
a. absorption. d. digestion.
b. assimilation. e. elimination.
c. secretion.
13. High stomach acidity
a. creates ideal conditions for carbohydrate digestion.
b. promotes emulsification of fats.
c. favors protein digestion.
d. blocks the release of histamine, thereby favoring production of peptic ulcers.
e. converts lipases into their active forms.
14. Foods rich in complex carbohydrates are usually high in
a. cholesterol. d. oils.
b. fiber. e. resins.
c. fats.
15. The process that pushes food through the esophagus is called
a. peritoneum. d. perineum.
b. periosteum. e. peridontal.
c. peristalsis.
16. The constituent of hemoglobin whose absence leads to anemia is
a. iron. d. zinc.
b. iodine. e. magnesium.
c. calcium.
17. Which blood vessel travels from the small intestine directly to the liver?
a. hepatic portal vein d. inferior vena cava
b. hepatic vein e. mesenteric vein
c. aorta
18. Bile
a. is a by product of digestion.
b. helps in the digestion of fats.
c. helps in the digestion of carbohydrates.
d. helps in the digestion of proteins.
e. helps in the digestion of both carbohydrates and proteins.
19. People who do not eat meat (vegetarians) must choose their food carefully to get the proper kinds and amounts of
a. vitamins. d. amino acids.
b. minerals. e. fatty acids.
c. carbohydrates.
20. What is one benefit of normal flora in the large intestine?
a. absorb iron d. produce bile
b. absorb fats e. absorb water
c. produce vitamin B
21. The most abundant waste product of metabolism is
a. carbon dioxide. d. uric acid.
b. ammonia. e. water.
c. urea.
22. Ethanol (drinking alcohol) is an inhibitor of ADH. Therefore, a person consuming a couple of mixed drinks should excrete
a. less water because ADH promotes reabsorption.
b. the alcohol because ADH cannot degrade it.
c. ketone bodies formed from the alcohol.
d. more water because ADH normally promotes reabsorption.
e. more water and the alcohol due to the ADH inhibition.
23. In the kidney, the collecting ducts from the nephrons empty immediately into the
a. renal cortex. d. ureter.
b. renal medulla. e. urethra.
c. renal pelvis.
24. Fever increases the body temperature and can induce chills to help cool the temperature back down. What other mechanisms are in place to regulate the body temperature?
a. shivering
b. sweating
c. erection of the hairs on the arms and legs
d. all of the above
25. Which of the following substances is NOT filtered from the bloodstream?
a. water d. glucose
b. plasma proteins e. sodium
c. urea
26. The longer this structure is, the greater is an animal's capacity to conserve water and to concentrate solutes for excretion in the urine.
a. Bowman's capsule d. ureter
b. loop of Henle e. urethra
c. proximal tubule
27. Which of the following is NOT a response to low temperature that increases the chance for survival?
a. hypothermia d. pilomotor response
b. shivering e. increased metabolism
c. production of brown fat
28. Four of the five answers listed below are potentially toxic waste products of metabolism. Select the exception.
a. urea d. carbon dioxide
b. water e. ammonia
c. uric acid
29. When cells break down proteins, the main waste product is
a. acetic acid. d. carbon dioxide.
b. phosphoric acid. e. urea.
c. amino acids.
30. The hormone that controls the concentration of urine is
a. insulin. d. thyroxine.
b. glucagon. e. epinephrine.
c. antidiuretic hormone.
31. Why does glucose appear in the urine of a diabetic?
a. The volume of urine is too great to filter.
b. No glucose is filtered into the glomerular filtrate.
c. The kidneys produce glucose in diabetes.
d. The carriers for glucose reabsorption reach their maximum rate of transport.
e. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle secretes glucose into the urine.
32. Which of the following is not a metabolic waste product?
a. urea d. creatinine
b. erythropoietin e. uric acid
c. ammonia
33. Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?
a. dendrite c. axon
b. body d. synaptic end bulb
34. The single long process that extends from a typical motor nerve cell is the
a. axon. d. dendrite.
b. neuron. e. cell body.
c. synapse.
35. Which of the following terms most accurately describes the cellular activity associated with the actual passage of a nerve impulse?
a. electrical discharge
b. action of sodium-potassium pump
c. wave of depolarization
d. repolarization
e. active transport of ions
36. Synaptic integration means
a. all positive or excitatory stimuli are added together.
b. the positive and negative ions neutralize each other.
c. excitatory and inhibitory signals are combined in a neuron.
d. the adjacent neurons interact so that excitatory and inhibitory stimuli cancel each other out.
e. all of these
37. By definition, a nerve is
a. a bundle of axons.
b. a single extension of a neuron.
c. the same as a neuron within the central nervous system.
d. a dendrite.
e. a fiber more than 10 inches in length.
38. Which of the following areas is not associated with the frontal lobe?
a. primary motor area
b. primary visual area
c. premotor area
d. motor speech (Broca's) area
e. prefrontal area
39. The sense based on air vibrations is
a. taste. d. sight.
b. smell. e. hearing.
c. touch.
40. The word that best describes the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems is
a. antagonistic. d. subversive.
b. cooperative. e. ineffective.
c. overriding.
41. The chambers of the brain are the
a. ventricles. d. olfactory and optic bulbs.
b. meninges. e. pineal glands
c. tectum.
42. Studies of memory indicate that
a. short-term memory is the product of chemical changes in neurons.
b. long-term memory is limited to a few years’ duration.
c. long-term memories are lost more frequently in amnesia.
d. long-term memory depends on structural or chemical changes in the brain.
e. short-term memory is limited to several hundred bits of information.
43. Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
a. receive sensory input
b. cushion and protect soft tissue
c. perform information processing
d. perform integration
e. generate motor output
44. Which sense utilizes mechanical energy?
a. sense of touch d. sense of balance
b. muscle sense e. all of these
c. sense of hearing
45. Differences in intensity of a stimulus
a. do not affect the impulse transmitted.
b. are indicated by the number of nerves activated.
c. control the part of the brain that receives the stimulus.
d. are encoded in the frequency of action potentials on a single axon.
e. are indicated by the number of nerves activated and are encoded in the frequency of action potentials on a single axon.
46. The most important pain receptors are
a. chemoreceptors. d. nociceptors.
b. baroreceptors. e. osmoreceptors.
c. stretch receptors.
47. Receptors in the human nose are
a. chemoreceptors. d. nociceptors.
b. mechanoreceptors. e. none of these
c. photoreceptors.
48. Movable bones are features of the sense organs associated with
a. sight. d. smell.
b. hearing. e. touch.
c. taste.
49. An otolith is one of the functional parts of the
a. eye.
b. Pacinian corpuscle.
c. vestibular apparatus.
d. taste bud.
e. pits, or heat-sensing devices, of snakes.
50. The white protective fibrous tissue of the eye, often called the white of the eye, is the
a. lens. d. iris.
b. sclera. e. retina.
c. pupil.
51. When light hits the retina, the image is
a. exactly as it enters the eye.
b. upside down.
c. reversed left to right.
d. upside down and normal from left to right.
e. upside down and reversed left to right.
52. If the nerves between the eyes and the ears were switched, stimulation of the mechanoreceptors in the ear would result in
a. hearing sounds
b. seeing lights
c. both hearing sounds and seeing lights
d. deafness
e. blindness
53. Proprioceptors are classified as which type of receptor?
a. mechanoreceptors d. photoreceptor
b. cutaneous receptor e. chemoreceptor
c. nociceptor
54. The gonads are another name for what body parts?
55. Label the diagram at the right with the words below.
Liver
Gallbladder
Bile duct
Duodenum
Stomach
Pancreas
56. Match the organ or substance on the left with the function on the right.
Gall bladder
Liver
Bile
Hepatic portal vein
A. Stores bile
B. Helps in fat digestion
C. Manufactures bile
D. Comes from the small intestine
E. Removes toxins
F. Converts ammonia to urea, which is excreted in urine
57. Match the letters on the diagram to the left with structures listed below.
Kidney cortex
Kidney medulla
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal tubule
Collecting duct
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
58. What are neuroglial cells and what do they do?
59. Identify the parts labeled in this diagram.
Extensor muscle of the knee
Motor neuron
Muscle spindle
Patellar tendon
Spinal cord
60. What is the part of the brain that controls the basic responses necessary to maintain life processes (breathing, heartbeat)?
61. If the motor cortex on the right side of the brain is destroyed by a stroke, what would be impaired?
62. Match the letters on the diagram on the right with the names of structures on the left.
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Spinal cord
Temporal lobe
63. What is the layer of the eye where photoreceptors are located?
64. List the six categories of sensory receptors.
65. Match the letter on the diagram on the right with the structure on the left.
Ciliary muscle
Cornea
Iris
Lens
Optic nerve
Pupil
Retina
54. The gonads are another name for what body parts?
Explanation / Answer
Answer for question number 3 : The correct option is C (The presence of appropriate receptor molecule)
Answer for question number 4 : The correct answer is E (insulin, glucagon, and cortisol)
Explanation : When the blood glucose level falls as a result of muscular activity or exercise the Alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, a hormone whose effects on liver cells act to increase blood glucose levels. They convert glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis). The glucose is released into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar, which can be used by muscle cells for doing work.
When levels of blood sugar rise, whether as a result of glycogen conversion, or from digestion of a meal, insulin hormone is released from beta cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. This hormone, causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis), and to force about 2/3 of body cells (primarily muscle and fat tissue cells) to take up glucose from the blood thus decreasing blood sugar. Therefore Insulin and glucagon together regulate the blood glucose levels.
Cortisol counteracts insulin.
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