write a 2 page of summary base on chapter 9 physical and cognitive development i
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write a 2 page of summary base on chapter 9 physical and cognitive development in middle and late childhood from life-span development, 15th edition
Physi and Late Childhood cal and Cognitive Development in Middle 1 Physical Changes and HealthCicho Discuss physical changes and health in middle and late childhood. Body Groweh and Changu The period of middle and late childhood involves slow, consistent growth. During thi aly increase. Among the most pronounced changes in hody growth and proporticn ar decreases in hend circumterence and waist circumference in relation to body heigh peniod, chrikdren grow an avernge of 2 so 3 inches a year Musele mass and streng prefrontal cortex, which are reflected in improved atiention, reasoning, and cognltive c During middle and late childhood, less diffusion and more focal acivxion prefrontal cortex, a change that is associaled with an increase in cognitive comtrol hrala in middle and late childhood include adance sin functioning in the occurs in the The Bri years, motor development becomes much smo control over their bodies and can sit and ote During the middie and late childhood and more coordinated Children gain greater attention for longer periods of time. However, their lives should include abundant physical activity, Increased myelinstion of the central nervous system is reflected in improved monst skills. Improved fine mmotor skills appear in the form of handwriting development. Boys ale usually better at gross motor Motor Development skills, girls at fine motor skills. Most American children do not get nearly enough exercise. Parents play an especially important role in guiding children to increase their exercise. Heavy television viewing and computer use are linked to lower activity levels in children. Exercise Heath Niness, and Disease For the most part, middle and late childhood is a time of excellent health. The most com mon cause of severe injury and death in childhood is motor vehicle accidents. Being over- weight or obese is an increasingly prevalent child bealth problem, raising the risk for many medical and psychological problems. Cardiovascular disease is uncommon in children,bu the precursors to adult cardiovascular disease are often already apparent during childhood. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in children (after accidents). Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer.Explanation / Answer
Physical and cognitive development in middleand late childhood
There are several changes that occur in the late child hood and the middle childhood in individuals. Changes occur in the body m where, there is consistency in growth of an individual, growth may only be upti 2 or 3 inches. There is an increase in the strength of muscles. Also, there is an advancement in the prefrontal cortex functioning, in the form of better attention, cognitive controls as well as improved attention. Also, there is an increase in focal activation . Changes in cognitive function occur. There is a smoothening in the motor development l Adolescents show abundant activities that improves the motor control. Between girls and boys, girls are better at fine skills and boys are better with gross skills.
Children needing special assistance are the most difficult to asses. There may be a number of disabilities that these children may be having. The range of disabilities include:
The weakness of the assessment tests in assessing children with these impairments is that the conventionally designed assessment tests only have norms that test the standard intelligence of the children. These tests do not have any provisions for the problems arising due to these impaired employees to. There is no flexibility on the choice of assessment approaches. Also, there are no modifications in measurements. Also, there is a generalised purpose for assessment and it is not custom mailed according to these impairments.
These difficulties can be overcome by developing more specific tests, designed such that these would keep the impairments in mind. Moreover, tests should be designed keeping the risk of impairments in mind, if the risk is moderate, high or low. The tests should be designed such that they would not be misinterpreted in any manner. The assessments need to be less rigid and more flexible so as to assess the true potential on an overall effort and not one a one dimensional direction.
In the middle and late childhood, there would be a number of changes in cognition. There is a change in information processing . There is an increase in long term memory. There begins development of executive functions. Thinking starts to route towards being effective and productive. Creative thinking might develop, if proper emphasis is laid on it.
Language development increases with an increase in vocabulary acquisition and improvement in grammar. Children start indulging themselves into readingas well as writing. There is an increased emphasis on phonics as well as while language development l they begin to decide words, and access the meanings of the words. There is an emphasis on the improvement of of of writing skills.
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