1. Define the microbiome. Are there differences in microbiome between the variou
ID: 210050 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Define the microbiome. Are there differences in microbiome between the various parts of the body?
2. Explain abnormalities found in germ-free mice.
3. When do babies begin to accumulate the microbiome? Is there a difference in microbiome between breast fed and bottle fed babies? C-section and natural birth?
4. How does the microbiome help us (particularly the GI microbiome)? Hurt us?
5. What can alter the microbiome (provide 2 important effectors)?
6. Briefly provide evidence of one other disease associated with disruption of the microbiome.
Explanation / Answer
1. Microbiome is defined as an "ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic micro-organisms" harboured in and on all multicellular organisms which include bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses.
Yes there are differences between various parts of the body, i.e., Gut microbiome, skin microbiome, vaginal microbiome, microbiome of oral cavity, nasal microbiome. These differences are due to the physical, anatomical and chemical properties of different anatomical site of the body.
2. Germ-free mice are also called axenic mice. They are free of all kinds of biological entities, i.e., bacteria, viruses.
The abnormalities are:
3. Babies start to accumulate microbiome from the time of breast feeding. Beneficial microbes enter the gut of the neonate through breast milk (colostrum).
Human milk bears a complex and dynamic composition, which differs from bottle feeding formulas due to accurate concentration and composition of nutrients, exclusive presence of growth factors, cytokines, immunoglobulins, and digestive enzymes. That is why microbiome of breast-fed babies are much stable and unifrom in population when comapring with bottle-fed babies.
4. Microbiome has beneficial effects like:
Adverse effect of microbiome:
5. Important factor to alter microbiome:
6. Example of disease related to disruption of microbiome:
Vaginal microbiome consists of-
Due to overdose of antibiotics all the bacteria die leading to growth of only Candida albicans, which results in Candidiasis causing burning sensation of urethra, frequent urination, vaginal thrush, lower abdomen pain.
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