Lecture 6 Enzymes 1- Metabolism is the balance between two types of chemical rea
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Lecture 6 Enzymes 1- Metabolism is the balance between two types of chemical reactions inside bacteria. What are those two types? How they are different? 2 Enzymes are biological catalysts. What are catalysts? 3. What amount of catalyst is consumed in the reaction it catalyzes? 4- What is the importance of enzymes for living beings? S- Define holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactor, activation site. 6- What are enzyme cofactors? 7- Why cofactors are needed for some enzymes activity? 8- On what structural level of the enzyme (primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary) does the enzyme- substrate interaction depend? 9 What happens to the functionality of a denatured enzyme? How can that result be explained with the help of the lock and key model? 10- The main factors that alter the speed of enzymatic reactions are temperature, pH and salt? Explain in which way they alter the reactions. 11- Define exoenzyme, endoenzymes, constitutive, and regulated enzymes 12- In a enzymatic reaction, what is the effect of a substance with the same spatial conformation as the enzyme substrate? How is this type of substance recognized? 13- What is allosteric inhibition of the enzyme? This type of inhibition is recognized as a competitive or noncompetitive inhibition? 14- Enzymes are very important in food industry and making microbes a pathogenic agent. Discuss 15- Review table 8.1 (Overview of Enzyme Characteristics) The Pursuit and utilization of energy 16- What is energy? 17- Cells manage energy in the form of chemical reactions that make or break bonds. Explain what the two types of reactions are 18- What is redox reaction? 19- If a molecule has been reduced during a reaction, it has gained 20- What is the importance of NAD molecule in the redox reaction? are the three coupled pathways used in acrobic or anaerobie respiration? 22- What are the end product of glycolysis? 23- What are the end product of krebs eyele? 24- What are the end product of electron transport chain? 25- How do Pyruvate prepared to enter the Krebs Cyele? 26- What is aleoholic fermentation? Give examples of food products of fermentation? 27- Multiple Matching, Match the process a, b, or c with the metabolic events in the list a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle Hdt are delivered to O2 as the final acceptor Pyruvic acid is formed. ATP is formed H-0 is produced CO2 is formed. NADH is oxidized. ATP synthase is active.Explanation / Answer
1) Metabolism is two types:
Catabolism - It is the set of metabolic pathways, which breaks down large molecules such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins into smaller units such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids. They are oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. They are exergonic. Example: hydrolysis reactions, are catabolic.
Anabolism - It is the set of metabolic pathways, which form molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, therefore known as endergonic . This process is controlled by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in cellular respiration. These processes produce growth and differentiation of cells and increase in body size. It involves in the synthesis of complex molecules.
2) Catalysts are substances, which reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction, facilitate it and making it energetically viable. The catalyst increases the speed of the chemical reaction. Enzymes are proteins act as catalysts.
3) Catalysts are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze.
4) Enzymes are highly specific to the reactions they catalyze. They are very importance for life because most of the chemical reactions in cells and tissues are catalyzed by enzymes. Without enzyme action, those reactions would not happen with the needed speed for the biological processes .
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