3. Human immunodeficiency virus entered human populations after evolving from a

Question

3. Human immunodeficiency virus entered human populations after evolving from a simian immu- nodeficiency virus. Nikolaas Tinbergen (1963) proposed explaining shifts in traits from two perspectives: dynamic versus static, and proxi- mate versus ultimate. This framework can be used to understand the evolution of a trait in four ways: () causation (proximate/static): the mechanism of the trait as it works in the present; (ii) survival value (ultimate/static): how function of the trait enhances survival or reproduction; (ii) ontogeny (proximate/dynamic): the develop- ment of the trait in an individual; and (iv) evolu- tion (ultimate/dynamic): the phylogenetic history of the trait. Use these categories to discuss the causes for the virus shifting to humans from other primates. lskor d arles I vell con-

Explanation / Answer

i) In causation, it is static because HIV does not appear in Humans suddenly. It came through successive steps. In proximate we study the sudden or closest cause of the event.

ii) The ultimate survival is the cause of evolution of HIV from Simian IV. That is because Simian must evolve to create more harm in those who were able to survive after its infection. In static survival a virus does not evolve more because peoples get infect and die from that disease.

iii) The ontogeny is also the dynamic ontogeny because this trait evolves in human through successive generations.

iv) That is why the evolution is also dynamic.

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