1) A form of diffusion in which the molecules pass through a protein instead of
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1) A form of diffusion in which the molecules pass through a protein instead of between the phospholipids is called A) facilitated diffusion C) osmosis B) diffusion D) active transport 2) Which of these processes brings into the cell large macromolecules and particles by the formation of a vesicle in the outer membrane? A) facilitated transport C) pinocytosis B) endocytosis D) exocytosis 3) Microfilaments are made of A) actin C) intermediate proteins B) tubulirn D) phospholipids 4) Cilia and flagella are both made of A) actin C) intermediate proteins B) tubulirn D) phospholipids 5) Which of these is most abundant in the plasma membrane? A) proteins B) carbohydrates C) cholesterol D) phospholipids 6) If a liver cell were to be placed in a beaker with a solution containing the same solute concentration as that found inside the cell, we would say that the beaker contained a(n)s B) hypertonic solution A) heterotonic C) isotonic D) hypotonic 7) You have a bacterial infection. Your immune system will be able to distinguish this foreign invader from other cells by A) recognizing cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) B) finding glycolipids on the plasma membrane C) identifying glycoproteins on the plasma membrane D) determining the presence or absence of a nucleus 8) When bacteria appear in tissues, a type of large cell engulfs and destroys them. Which process are these cells using to engulf the bacteria? A) exocytosis B) active transport C) pinocytosis D) phagocytosis 9) Which of the following is a membranous organelle that chemically modifies and ships proteins to other organelles or out of the cell? A) lysosome B) chloroplast C) mitochondria D) Golgi complex 10) Most of the energy used by the cell is converted to ATP in B) Golgi complexes C) nuclei D) mitochondriaExplanation / Answer
1) Facilitated diffusion
It is a kind of passive transport in which molecules move across the cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration along the concentration gradient with the aid of transport proteins. For the facilitated diffusion Fick's law of diffusion not applicable and rate of transport greater than the simple diffusion. The H20, A.As, sugars, F.As. glycerol are transported by the facilitated diffusion.
2) Endocytosis
The engulfment of bacterial cell or food particles by the certain living cells such as neutrophils, macrophages are called endocytosis. In the presence of pathogen or food particles the cells bind to the food particles by the receptors present on membrane and the membrane of the cells wrap the receptor bound pathogen or food particles. The membrane-enclosed vesicles are called phagosomes which are internalized and fuses with the lysosomes and from the phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome pathogens are digested / killed by the hydrolytic enzymes and digested material containing vesicle now fuses with the same cell membrane and eliminate the digested substances by exocytosis.
3) Actin
Microfilaments are elements of cytoskeleton composed of proteins with filaments of about 7-9 nm diameter. The basic unit of microfilaments is G-Actin. The G-actin polymerises to form long actin filaments and they are most abundant intracellular protein. In humans actins are encoded by the 6 genes. Assembly and disassembly of actin filaments maintained by the proteins like gelsoline, cofiline, capZ and villine.
4) Tublin
Cilia and flagella composed of microtubules which are formed by the polymerization of tubulin monomers. Each tubulin composed of two 55kd polypeptide chains alpha tubulin and beta tubulin. Assembly and disassembly of microtubules maintained by the GTP.
5) Phospholipids
The Phospholipids are most abundant amphipathic molecules form the cell membranes. Each phospholipid molecule made up of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group which is modified by an alcohol (e.g. choline). A large number of phospholipids molecules combine to form the lipid bilayers and the phosphate group of phospholipid is negatively charged polar head & hydrophilic faced towards the outer side of the of lipid bilayer but the fatty acid chains of phospholipid are uncharged, nonpolar, which are hydrophobic in nature and they are always avoid contact with water and face inside of lipid bilayer.
6) Isotonic
A solution has the same salt concentration on as the normal cells of the body and blood is called isotonic solution. When cells are placed in the isotonic solution the water diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic.
7) Identifying glycoproteins on the plasma membrane
An immune system with the help of toll-like receptors recognizes the specific proteins of bacteria and eliminate from the body.
8) Phagocytosis
The engulfment of bacterial cell or particles by the certain living cells such as Neutrophils, macrophages are called phagocytosis and it is a type of endocytosis, also called cell eating. Neutrophils and macrophages are called professional phagocytic cells. In the presence of pathogen the activated phagocytic cells bind to the pathogen by the receptors present on membrane and the membrane of the cells wrap the receptor bound pathogen. The membrane-enclosed vesicles are called phagosomes which are internalized and fuses with the lysosomes and from the phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome pathogens are digested / killed by the hydrolytic enzymes and digested material containing vesicle now fuses with the same cell membrane and eliminate the digested substances by exocytosis.
9) Golgi complex
It is also called Golgi complex or Golgi body and discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi in 1897. It is a part of the endomembrane system involved in protein sorting. Rough endoplasmic reticulum can synthesize all the proteins for the plasma membrane. The synthesized proteins are first transported to the Golgi complex where it is modified by adding carbohydrates or lipids and then targeted to the plasma membrane.
10) Mitochondria
it is also called powerhouse of the cell and it is a double membrane-bound organelle found in plants and animals. It produces huge quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The reducing equivalents (NADH2 and FADH2) generated in glycolysis, the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, Kreb’s cycle are used to production of energy in mitochondria.
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