(a) Describe the view of scientific methodology known as classical (or naive) in
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Question
(a) Describe the view of scientific methodology known as classical (or naive) inductivism, especially the relationship of observation to a theory, or hypothesis, according to this view. On this picture of how science works, what should the long term history of science look like?
(b) According to Kuhn, one of the key concepts in understanding the historical development of science is the notion of a paradigm as exemplar. What is Kuhn's notion of a paradigm as exemplar? What does fact-gathering (i.e., making observations) look like in a discipline before it has a paradigm? How does the acquisition of a first paradigm make research (i.e., fact-gathering) more efficient and effective? (Relate your answers to these last two questions to the view of fact-gathering provided by classical inductivism.)
c) What did Kuhn mean by saying that "Anomaly appears only against the background provided by the paradigm"? What is an anomaly according to Kuhn? What is the role of anomalies in Kuhn's view of the history of a scientific discipline-- that is, what is the relationship of anomalies to scientific revolutions? Do scientists treat anomalies as falsifications of their theory? Why not? How is Kuhn's picture of the history of science different from that of the classical inductivist?
(d) What is Kuhn's notion of a paradigm as a disciplinary matrix? What is a gestalt switch? How is a paradigm shift like a gestalt switch according to Kuhn? How does it differ according to him? Describe at least one example from Kuhn in which, according to him, scientists see the world differently under different paradigms. Did Kuhn agree with the classical inductivist view of scientific observation as theoryindependent (i.e., theory-neutral)? Explain your answer. Why did Kuhn write that "the historian of science may be tempted to exclaim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes with them"?
(e) Did Kuhn think that acceptance of paradigm (or theory) is completely driven (determined) by empirical data ("observations")? On the other hand, did Kuhn think that acceptance of a paradigm (or theory) is completely independent from empirical data--in other words, on his view, can you see the world however you want to regardless of the data? In your own words, summarize Kuhn's view of the relationship of theory to observational data and what implications that has for the view of observation assumed by classical inductivism.
Explanation / Answer
Ans:- first of all we clear to scientific method old classical techniques for inquiry method & acquiring new techniques or knowledge, previous knowledge & integrating of old experiment method . In termed of classical scientific method of is investigating based on empirical proves or measurable evidence for such subject of reasoning.
Classical science works on behalf of the measurable evidence. the long term history of science look unpredictable . is Initial base on imaginary. Now we find the evidence to such a observation to a theory, or hypothesis.
(b). According to Kuhn's notion of a paradigm as exemplar is totally base on hypothetical . first of all we are collecting the evidence of the observation . some evidence is help the experiment or some not. but are try to find the relation of evidence to related each other. so that our fact are gathering to more efficient and effective show on experiment. so in classical science we are effectively show the experiment progress of their Scientists.
(c). According to the kuhn anomaly related to the values in already set of results . they are base on the judgedment. the judge is not to be part of the science experiment because by random uncertainty of result. the very close relationship between anomalies to scientific revolutions. but its was wrong scientists treat anomalies as falsifications of their theory. because the scientific problems & solutions altogether with normal science. The classical scientists reinterpret for the data & discard anomalous data. classical scientist try to a theoretical matrix and fundamental view of experiment. as per kuhn some young scientists are try to newly training and defect to revolutionary science.
(d). Kuhn's notion of a paradigm as a disciplinary matrix. a particularly most important part of Kuhn's The Structure of scientific and and the revolutions totally focuses on the one most specific item of the disciplinary matrix. This is the exemplary and instances of scientific research. so the Kuhn also refers to his uses the term ‘paradigm’ in a narrower sense.
As per Kuhn’s Gestalt Switch a scientist are not operate in the old paradigm disciplinary matrix after they having been change to a completely different way of conceptualizing the new paradigm of world. According to the kuhn the paradigm shift are used to seen the planet but its was totally wrong. however the anomalies and crises "are finished of terminated by a sudden relatively & unstructured event like the gestalt switch. so it is different like of other. the scientists see the world differently under different paradigms in science the paradigms are different levels, we know the historian of classical science might be tempted to exclaim when paradigms are to be change so the world also itself changes with them. a major paradigm may be found in smaller ones, e.g the theory regarding plate technology in geology not corporate paradigms of volcanic activity, earthquakes, sea floor spreading, mountain building etc.
(d). Kuhn's view of the relationship of theory & implications that has for the view of observation assumed by classical inductivism. the Paradigm as originating from the great works of classical science, like Newton’s Principia. These good works became paradigms main reason they were sufficiently unpredictable to attract on the enduring group of competing modes of scientific activity & proper open-ended to leave all problems form sorts and practitioners group to be resolve by three diffrent way.
(1) .Significant fact , (2). Matches of fact with theory, (3). The articulation of theory
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