PreventionOther Disease Information, or relevance to chapter Symptoms Rapid deat

Question

PreventionOther Disease Information, or relevance to chapter Symptoms Rapid death from dehydration possible Change in cell chemistry Ch 4 Cholera Ingestion ORT Vibrio Cholera A gram negative vibrio Systemic Staph diseases examples Boils Staphylococcus aureus spread is possibe Gram+ coccus mpetigo Scalded skin syndrome Toxic shock syndrome Sss & TSS seen with only certain toxic strains TSS assoc'd with tampons Scarlet fever only with lysogenic strains Strep diseases Streptococcus examples Scarlet fever Impetigo& TSS Necrotizing fascitis pyogenes Gram +coccus Poststrepto- coccal sequelae!!

Explanation / Answer

Environmental reservoirs like rivers, lakes and other such water bodies when contaminated by feaces of the infected person

Sewage water effluents when mixed with drinking water facilities

Severe watery stools, vomiting, which together leads to dehydration

Rapid heart rate, Skin loses elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst and muscle cramps due to electrolyte loss

When left untreated, hypovolemic shock and death occurs

Boils with pus

Impetigo

Cellulitis

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

In severe infections like pneumonia, bacteremia there is difficulty in breathing, malaise, fever or chills

Treatment with Cephalosporins, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, doxycycline or quinolone.

Methicillin resistant S. aureus can be treated with Vancomycin

Maintaining cleanliness and hygeine

Humans: Primary reservoir

Cattle: Secondary reservoir

Direct contact from person to person

Mucus from infected person

Toxic shock syndrome can be managed by Endotracheal intubation, Thoracentesis, Lumbar puncture, Prompt surgical drainage, Debridement in necrotizing fascitis

Drugs: Penicillin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, Clarithromycin,

acyclovir for chicken pox, famciclovir, valacyclovir for shingles

Zooster immunoglobulin and vidarabine can also be used

More serious in adults

Therapy should be commensed immediately. Antispasmodics to relieve muscle spasm, Centrally acting muscle relaxants, sedatives and hypnotics to alleviate symptoms, neuromuscular blocking agents

Tetanus toxoid, Tetanus immunoglobulins

Disease Infectious agent Reservoirs Transmission Signs and Symptoms Therapy Prevention Other information Cholera Vibrio cholerae

Environmental reservoirs like rivers, lakes and other such water bodies when contaminated by feaces of the infected person

Sewage water effluents when mixed with drinking water facilities

Fecal- Oral route

Severe watery stools, vomiting, which together leads to dehydration

Rapid heart rate, Skin loses elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst and muscle cramps due to electrolyte loss

When left untreated, hypovolemic shock and death occurs

Oral Rehdration Therapy Provision of protected water supply, improvement of environmental sanitation. Use of cholera vaccines Death from Dehydration, Electrolyte imbalance Staph Diseases Staphylococcus aureus Human, farm and domestic animals Direct contact with infected person, Droplet infection during Coughing, Sneezing

Boils with pus

Impetigo

Cellulitis

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

In severe infections like pneumonia, bacteremia there is difficulty in breathing, malaise, fever or chills

Treatment with Cephalosporins, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, doxycycline or quinolone.

Methicillin resistant S. aureus can be treated with Vancomycin

Maintaining cleanliness and hygeine

Systemic spread is possible Strep diseasess Streptococcus pyogenes

Humans: Primary reservoir

Cattle: Secondary reservoir

Direct contact from person to person

Mucus from infected person

Toxic shock syndrome can be managed by Endotracheal intubation, Thoracentesis, Lumbar puncture, Prompt surgical drainage, Debridement in necrotizing fascitis

Drugs: Penicillin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, Clarithromycin,

Avoiding direct contact with infected person, Maintaining proper hygeine, washing hands etc Scarlet fever only with lysogenic strains Small pox Variola virus Humans are only the reservoirs for Variola major and minor Person to person contact, droplet infection Fever, Chills, Headache, Severa back pain. abdominal pain, vomiting Antipyretics for fever, small pox vaccine, antibiotics for secondary skin infections Vaccination. Last case: 1978 Varicella Varicella zooster virus Only Humans Droplet infection, Contact with infected person, breathing virus particles Fever, Malaise, rashes with red spots, blisters and crusted lesions

acyclovir for chicken pox, famciclovir, valacyclovir for shingles

Zooster immunoglobulin and vidarabine can also be used

Vaccination

More serious in adults

Rubeola Rubeola virus Only Humans Droplet infection by coughing and sneezing Runny nose, dry cough, Conjuctivitis, swollen and inflammed eyes, photophobia, Koplik's spots, white to bluish white centers in the mouth, cheek and throat Vitamin A, antivirals like Ribavarin, Measles virus vaccine, Human immunoglobulins Vaccination Good candidate for eradication Rubella Rubella virus Only Humans Droplet infection while sneezing, coughing Mild fever, swollen and tender lymph nodes, headache, muscle pain, inflamed or red eyes No specific treatment. It is usually self limiting within 3 days. Hence also called as 3 day measles Immunisation with Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine Congenital defects Tetanus Clostridium tetani C. tetani spores can remain viable in soil for years. Feces, sewage, marine sediments, lower intestinal tract of humans are all reservoirs of C. tetani It does not trasmit from person to person. It is transmitted when through deep puncture wounds caused by knives, tools, wood splinters, animal bites which contain the bacteria Lock Jaw (Jaw cramping), Muscle spasms, Painful muscle stiffness, Difficulty in swallowing, Seizures, Fever, sweating, Headache, changes in blood pressure and rapid heart rate

Therapy should be commensed immediately. Antispasmodics to relieve muscle spasm, Centrally acting muscle relaxants, sedatives and hypnotics to alleviate symptoms, neuromuscular blocking agents

Tetanus toxoid, Tetanus immunoglobulins

Using tetanus toxoid in injuries with the dirty tools Toxin inhibits relaxation phase of contraction

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