please no hand writing !!!!!!! Question 1. (10 points) Explain the difference be

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please no hand writing !!!!!!!

Question 1. (10 points) Explain the difference between short-range order vs long-range order. Give examples of materials for each case. Question 2. (10 points) List the four most importat bonds in engineered materials and describe briefly the main charactheristic of each bond. Question 3. (10 points) Describe the difference between isotropic and anisotropic behavior? Question 4. (10 points) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) technique?

Explanation / Answer

1. Order signifies the arrangement of atoms and molecules of the substance be it solid or liquid. Orderliness i.e. same rearrangement over distances when comparable to interatomic distances is called short-range order. Hence, the arrangement is similar for only interatomic distances. Example- Ferromagnetic materials

However, orderliness repeated over infinitely great distances is called long-range order. The basic requirement of long-range order is the symmetry of arrangement of particles, which repeat at any distance from a given atom. Example-Crystals

2. The four types of bonds are:

2.1 Ionic Bonds-These are the type of bonds where the transfer of electron takes place i.e. one atom loses an electron while the other gains an electron. One atom acquires negative charge while the other acquires positive charge.

2.2 Covalent Bonds-This type of bonds involves two atoms coming together sharing one electron.

2.3. Polar Bond-Two atoms connected by a covalent bond may exert different attractions for the electrons in the bond, producing an unevenly distributed charge. The result is known as a polar bond, an intermediate case between ionic and covalent bonding, with one end of the molecule slightly negatively charged and the other end slightly positively charged.

2.4 Hydrogen Bond-Two adjacent H2O (water) molecules can form a linkage known as a hydrogen bond, where the (electronegative) hydrogen atom of one H2O molecule is electrostatically attracted to the (electropositive) oxygen atom of an adjacent water molecule.

3. Isotropic materials have similar properties in all the directions i.e. there properties are direction independent. Anisotropic materials, on the other hand, have properties of a material that is dependent on the direction. A different chemical bonding in all directions is also a condition for anisotropy. Anisotropic minerals can be penetrated by light while light cannot penetrate the isotropic materials because of the fact that they block the light in any direction.

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