a) The three vegetative organs of angiosperms can be modified to perform special

Question

a) The three vegetative organs of angiosperms can be modified to perform specialized roles, such as storage, propagation, or colonization. Be familiar with the form and function of all of the examples of modified organs given in this chapter. Be prepared to disprove the assertion of the book that shoots are aboveground and roots are belowground systems.

b) The plant body consists of two systems that cooperate to harvest diffuse resources that are needed for growth and reproduction. Describe the growth pattern of shoots and roots to produce structures that are specialized for concentrating resources and allow plants to be well adapted for their specific habitat.

c) Name three specialized epidermal cells – two from the shoot system and one from the root system. Describe how these cells help the shoot or root to carry out its job in interacting with its environment.

d) What are the body coverings that ecdysozoans possess? How does the molting process work? What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of this type of body growth?

e) What are the defining features of both lophotrochozoans and ecdyzsozoans? Are their characteristics in each of these groups that all members of those groups possess? So, do you think that each of these form a “good” natural grouping?

Explanation / Answer

ANS a) Plants consist of vegetative organs that are root, stem and leaf. The vegetative organs are fundamental for the life of plants. But sometimes these vegetative organs undergo modifications like stem, root and leaf modifications which occur as a matter of fact for the various adaptibility to environment.

Stem Modifications: In stem modification sometime the stem grows under the soil instead of the usual being above the soil working as capacity tissues for sustenance and supplements, proliferation of new clones, and perennation Sorts incorporate globules, corms, rhizomes, stolons, and tubers.

Root Modifications: Examples of root modification is Taproot system which are altered to perform elements of capacity and vegetative engendering. Tap roots may store sustenance holds for which they are modified into swollen shapes.

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ANS b) With the multiplication of low-lying plants, rivalry for accessible space, supplements, and daylight heightened for adaptibility which required the physiological and morphological changes in plants. For example: The stem is separated into hubs and internodes. Shoots that help in water and sustenance conduction got isolated into long shoots and short shoots based on the length of the internodes.  

Roots give basic jetty to shield trees to stand still in upright position additionally have framework for reaping the huge amounts of water and the minerals from the soil. Roots also supplement the nourishment of the tree through advantageous affiliations like with nitrogen-settling microorganisms and parasitic symbionts which are known to increment phosphorous take up.

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ANS c) The specialized epidermal cells of plants are the: Xylem and Phloem. These two help the plant for specializing their roles for well adaptibility.  

Xylem cells help in proper supply water and mineral salts in plants having reinforced with lignin to withstand changes in weight of water

Phloem cells helps in movement of sugars in the plant these cells have openings in their cell dividers enabling the sugars to move from cell to cells.

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ANS d) Since the exoskeleton of some anthropods are hard they experience the sensitive procedure of shedding the old exoskeleton and extending to a bigger size before the new exoskeleton solidifies. This procedure is known as shedding or molting.

Advantages of molting: since they can shield arthropods from harsh conditions as a defensive layer around the body, and counteract parasites, microbes, and huge predators from getting simple access to the delicate internal parts. They likewise avert loss of warmth and dampness from the body superior to skin, as a result of their inflexibility and imperviousness.

Disadvantages of molting: if a creature is substantial molting is not good as the exoskeleton encompassing it is as thick as the exoskeleton on whatever is left of its body and will erupt from the sudden weight. Exoskeletons can't withstand as much stun as skin. They likewise recuperate slower, in some cases not in the least

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ANS e) The Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa involve one of the significant gatherings inside the set of all animals, and it is likewise the biggest since it incorporates both the arthropods and the nematodes. The Ecdysozoa is one of the two extensive subdivisions inside the Protostomia, a gathering in which the mouth creates from the main opening to create in the incipient organism. Thus, the Protostomia has a place with a bigger gathering inside the Animalia called the Bilateria, on the grounds that these creatures are respectively symmetrical, with a left and a correct side to their bodies.

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