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ID: 206552 • Letter: W
Question
Watch the following video to continue answering the questions below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOtrJ0P2j90
The insulin receptor is a __________ consisting of 2 subunits named ______ and _______.
The insulin receptor also has catalytic activity after it is activated, serving as a _____________ kinase.
How is the insulin receptor phosphorylated so that it becomes activated? __________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What does “RMTK” stand for? _____________________________________________________
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase binds to phosphorylated ________________ residues in IRS-1, becoming activated with the ability to catalyze the conversion of PIP2 into the second messenger called ________.
What enzyme activates AKT? __________________________
What is the overall function of activated AKT? ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What does “GLUT” stand for? ____________________________________________________
In general, epinephrine will ________________ blood glucose levels and insulin will ______________ blood glucose levels.
What happens to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor when the hormone EGF binds?
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is one effect of activated Ras on a cellular level? _________________________________
Binding of SOS to Grb-2 results in a conformational change that ultimately leads to the activation of Ras, by exchanging ________ for ________.
_______________________ are involved in cellular control, usually by a signaling pathway. Mutations in these genes can cause _________________.
What happens if Ras loses the ability to hydrolyze GTP to GDP? __________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
The product of the abl gene is a _____________ ___________ enzyme. What is the problem with the product of the bcr-abl gene? _____________________________________________
What is the best treatment for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)? ____________________________________________________________________________
Explanation / Answer
1. Homodimer, alpha and beta
2. tyrosine kinase
3. The Insulin Receptor is a kind of tyrosine kinase receptor, in which the binding of an agonistic ligand triggers autophosphorylation of the tyrosine residues, with every subunit phosphorylating its accomplice. The expansion of the phosphate groups creates a coupling site for the insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), which is in this way enacted by means of phosphorylation. The enacted IRS-1 starts the signal transduction pathway and ties to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), thusly causing its activation. This at that point catalyzes the change of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 goes about as an secondary messenger and prompts the initiation of phosphatidylinositol dependant protein kinase, which at that point enacts a few different kinases – most outstandingly Akt, (otherwise called protein kinase B). Akt triggers the translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT4) containing vesicles to the cell film, by means of the activation of SNARE proteins, to encourage the dispersion of glucose into the cell. Akt likewise phosphorylates and hinders glycogen synthase kinase, which is a chemical that restrains glycogen synthase. In this way, Akt acts to begin the procedure of glycogenesis, which at last diminishes blood-glucose focus.
4. RMTK (Rapid Mastitis Test Kit)
5. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase binds to phosphorylated serine residues in IRS-1, becoming activated with the ability to catalyze the conversion of PIP2 into the second messenger called PIP3.
6. PIP3 goes about as an secondary messenger and prompts the initiation of phosphatidylinositol dependant protein kinase, which at that point enacts a few different kinases – most outstandingly Akt, (otherwise called protein kinase B).
7. Akt triggers the translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT4) containing vesicles to the cell film, by means of the activation of SNARE proteins, to encourage the dispersion of glucose into the cell. Akt likewise phosphorylates and hinders glycogen synthase kinase, which is a chemical that restrains glycogen synthase. In this way, Akt acts to begin the procedure of glycogenesis, which at last diminishes blood-glucose focus.
8. glucose transporter
9. In general, epinephrine will increase blood glucose levels and insulin will reduce blood glucose levels.
10. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gets activated upon the hormone EGF binds.
11. Activated Ras Protein Accelerates Cell Cycle Progression.
12. GTP for GDP.
13. Ras proteins are involved in cellular control, usually by a signaling pathway. Mutations in these genes can cause cancer.
14. If Ras loses the ability to hydrolyze GTP to GDP?
With no GAPs to curb the G protein’s activity, this results in constitutively active G proteins, unregulated cell growth, and the cancerous state.
15. ABL1 proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic and molecular protein tyrosine kinase that has been involved in procedures of cell separation, cell division, cell attachment, and stress reaction. This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-focused on tyrosine kinase that enables the cells to multiply without being directed by cytokines. This, thus, enables the cell to end up cancerous.
16. The standard treatment for chronic phase CML is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) such as imatinib (Gleevec), nilotinib (Tasigna), dasatinib (Sprycel), orbosutinib (Bosulif).
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