6. Integrative Topics II--Digestion and Cellular Metabolisnm After meals, our bo
ID: 205243 • Letter: 6
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6. Integrative Topics II--Digestion and Cellular Metabolisnm After meals, our body digest the food to break down polymer to monomer. What kind of covalent bonds the digestive system has to break? What is the monomer for carbohydrate, fat and proteins? Where are they absorbed after digestion? Is digestion intracellular or extracellular? Once inside the cells, cells will extract energy from these monomer via metabolism. How do cells break down glucose to retrieve energy (ATP)? What about amino acid and fatty acid Where do they join this metabolism? Where glycolysis, Krebs cycle and e transport chain occur? What are the beginning and end products of each reaction? How is energy carried besides ATP? 8. Use the principles of" enzyme nomenclature" taught in the class to predict the enzyme names in glycolysis (10 steps of Redox reactions) and TCA cycle (8 steps of Redox reactions).Explanation / Answer
Q6.
I a). The digestive enzymes have to break glycosidic bonds of carbohydrates, peptide bonds of proteins and ester bonds of fats.
b). The monomer of (i) carbohydrate is glucose, (ii) fat is fatty acid and glycerol, and (iii) protein is amino acids.
c). The food is absorbed in the intestine.
d). The digestion of food is extracellular.
IIa). The glucose once absorbed is broken down by the process of glycolysis to form pyruvic acid and ATP. Further, the pyruvic acid enters the citric acid cycle. The oxidation of the citric acid produced in the citric acid cycle is oxidized via electron transport chain (ETC) to produce more ATP molecules.
b). Fatty acids are metabolized to form acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle to join the metabolism of the glucose.
c). The amino acids are either glucogenic or ketogenic. The glucogenic amino acids are converted to glucose and enter the carbohydrate metabolism by glycolysis while the ketogenic amino acids form the intermediates of the citric acid cycle and join the metabolism of the glucose.
IIIa), Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of a cell, while the site of both the Kreb's cycle and electron transport chain is mitochondria.
b).The glycolysis begins with the glucose and the end products are 2 molecules of pyruvic acid in addition net 2 molecules each of NADH and ATP molecules are formed.
In the Kreb's cycle, acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and 2 molecules of CO2 are formed in addition, net 2 ATP, 8 NADPH, and 2 FADH2 molecules are formed.
The NADPH and FADH2 molecules enter the electron transport chain to form ATP.
c). The energy is either carried by high energy bonds of ATP. Besides ATP, the energy is transferred as the bond energy of the NADPH and FADH2
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