1. Create a table showing all of the different types of transport mechanisms use
ID: 201997 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Create a table showing all of the different types of transport mechanisms used by cells to move substances across plasma membranes. Include whether energy is used or not, how those mechanisms work and provide an example of a substance that might typically be moved by each method.
2. Describe the rusting of a car in terms of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics at the level of the organization of the molecular structure of the car (steel/iron alloy-in a generic way) and the impact of energy distribution on the surrounding system.
Explanation / Answer
The answer to the question number 1
Three different types of integral membrane transporter proteins facilitate secondary active transport:
a. Uniporter: It allows the movement of only one molecule down the concentration gradient
b. Symporter: Here movement of two different molecules takes place simultaneously in the same direction. This is dependent on the uphill and downhill concentration gradient of entering molecules
c. Antiporter: These proteins facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane in an opposite direction. Among these two molecules, one will flow from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, This further promotes the movement of another molecule in the opposite direction.
Examples:
1. Uniporter: Voltage-gated sodium channels triggers nerve impulse
2. Symporter: Glucose symporter SGLT1 (Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters). These proteins are involved in the intestinal reabsorption of glucose.
3. Antiporter: Sodium-Calcium exchanger protein expells calcium from the cells by allowing sodium to enter the cell.
Exocytosis: neurotransmitters are released during synapse and transmitted to the brain cells.
Endocytosis: Phagocytosis wherein macrophages engulf bacteria to avoid the spread of infection.
Type of transport mechanism Usage of energy Transport mechanism Example Passive diffusion Not required Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration Facilitated diffusion Required Diffusion is mediated by carrier proteins present on the cell membrane Movement of protons by H+ ATPase Filtration Not required In this process molecules move between membranes due to the difference in the hydrostatic pressure Bowman's capsule in kidneys retains albumin and all other biomolecules are filtered. Osmosis Not required It is a process in which molecules are transported from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a semi-permeable membrane Swelling of raisins when soaked in water. Primary active transport (channel-mediated transport) Required Movement of molecules across the membrane is mediated by the direct utilization of energy Sodium-potassium pump uses ATPase to maintain the concentration of these two ions inside and outside. of the cell. It belongs to P-type ATPase Secondary active transport (transporter-mediated) RequiredThree different types of integral membrane transporter proteins facilitate secondary active transport:
a. Uniporter: It allows the movement of only one molecule down the concentration gradient
b. Symporter: Here movement of two different molecules takes place simultaneously in the same direction. This is dependent on the uphill and downhill concentration gradient of entering molecules
c. Antiporter: These proteins facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane in an opposite direction. Among these two molecules, one will flow from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, This further promotes the movement of another molecule in the opposite direction.
Examples:
1. Uniporter: Voltage-gated sodium channels triggers nerve impulse
2. Symporter: Glucose symporter SGLT1 (Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters). These proteins are involved in the intestinal reabsorption of glucose.
3. Antiporter: Sodium-Calcium exchanger protein expells calcium from the cells by allowing sodium to enter the cell.
Bulk transport (vesicular transport) Required Here movement of materials or molecules inside and outside of the cell take place by the formation of vesicles. Taking of materials inside the cell is called endocytosis and removing of materials outside the cell is called exocytosis.Exocytosis: neurotransmitters are released during synapse and transmitted to the brain cells.
Endocytosis: Phagocytosis wherein macrophages engulf bacteria to avoid the spread of infection.
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