4-8 Disorders at the Organelle Level. Each of the following medical problems inv

Question

4-8 Disorders at the Organelle Level. Each of the following medical problems involves a disorder in the function of an orga- nelle or other cell structure. In each case, identify the organelle or structure involved, and indicate whether it is likely to be underactive or overactive. (a) A girl is discovered to have Leigh Syndrome, which causes neur degeneration due to the disruption of oxidative phosphorylation in nerve cells. (b) A young boy is diagnosed with Hurler Syndrome, which is char- acterized by a build-up of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysac- (c) A smoker develops lung cancer and is told that the cause of the mitosis at a much greater rate than is normal for lung cells. charides). problem is a population of cells in her lungs that are undergoing (d) A woman learns that she has suffered an ectopic pregnancy due to defective cilia in her fallopian tubes. (e) A young child dies of Tay-Sachs disease because her cells lack the hydrolase that normally breaks down a membrane component called ganglioside GM2, which, therefore, accumulated in the membranes of her brain. () A 60-year-old man is placed on a low-fat diet because he discov- ers that he has a deficiency in lipoprotein lipase.

Explanation / Answer

A) Leighs disease is a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by the mutations in mitochondrial DNA or deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. It is a active disease and the person dies at an early age.

B) Hurlers syndrome also known as lysosomal storage disease is caused by the inability of cells or lysosomes to break down large molecules like glycosaminoglycans. It's passed on by parents and eventually causes death due to organ damage.

C) lung cancer is caused when the mutation in the lung cells causes it to mutate and divide uncontrollably. This can be overactive or underactive according to the malignancy of the tissue.

D) Ectopic pregnancy happens when fertilized egg fails to implant in womb and rather implants in the fallopian tube.

E) Tay Sachs disease is caused by a defect of gene on chromosome 15. This defect causes the gene not to produce a protein called hexosaminidase A. This causes brain cell damage. It is an active disease.

F) It is a genetic condition where lipase enzyme is not produced in the body. It is not an overactive disease.

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